• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.73-73
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• 2017

To set an optimal harvest time of main 7 whole crop silage rice cultivars, Nokyang(Ny), Mogwoo(Mw), Mogyang(My), Jungmo1029(Jm1029), Jungmo1038(Jm1038), Nokwoo(Nw) and Yeongwoo(Yw), based on feed value, we analyzed their feed values such as percent crude protein(CP), crude fat(CF), crude ash(CA), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF) and lignin. It was evaluated every 10 days from heading to 40 days after heading(DAH). Total digestible nutrient(TDN) and relative feed value(RFV) was also calculated from ADF and NDF. As results, CP was generally in decline as increasing DAH in Ny, My, Jm1029, Jm1038 and Yw and decreased to 20 DAH in Mw, decreased after increasing to 30 days in Nw. The CP content of Ny was relatively the highest ranged from 5.3% to 10.1% and Mw the lowest 4.5% to 5.2%, compared to others. CF content tend to decrease as DAH increase in Ny, My and Nw and decreased after increasing to 30 days Jm1029, increased after decreasing to 20 days Jm1038 but was not shown distinct trend of increase or decrease in Mw. Especially, that of Yw's CF gradually increased as harvest time late but relative content the lowest from 1.46% to 2.29% among 7 cultivars. The CA content of Ny, My, Jm1029 and Jm1038 approximately decreased as DAH increased and that of Mw was similar to others after heading, Nw decreased after 10 days and Yw increased after flowering. In all 7 cultivars, NDF and ADF had a tendency to decrease as days accumulated, in particular, Yw was the lowest on 30 DAH and so the content of Yw's TDN the highest(71.5%), while the lowest(67.2%) in Nw. For lignin, particularly, Mw tend to be in decline as DAH increase and was the lowest ranged from 1.34% to 1.87%. ADF analyses allows for the evaluation of in vivo digestible dry matter(DDM) and energy availability and NDF analyses provides the best indication of dry matter intake(DMI). Ultimately, the two factors can be combined to derive RFV for forage. RFV in general increased as DAH increased in all cultivars and was in order, Yw>My>Ny> Jm1038>Mw>Jm1029>Nw on 30 DAH. Taken together when these results, despite a slight increase of TDN after 30 DAH except Yw, considering forage yield potential, digestibility of grains and gradual decrease of CP and CF, the yellow ripe stage, about 30 DAH, was appropriate to harvest whole crop rice for silage use.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 2015

This study was conducted to assess the potential of using NIRS to accurately determine the chemical composition and fermentation parameters in fresh coarse sorghum and sudangrass silage. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been increasingly used as a rapid and accurate method to analyze the quality of cereals and dried animal forage. However, silage analysis by NIRS has a limitation in analyzing dried and ground samples in farm-scale applications because the fermentative products are lost during the drying process. Fresh coarse silage samples were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range of 680~2500 nm, and the optical data were obtained as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R). The spectral data were regressed, using partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with first and second order derivatization, with a scatter correction procedure (standard normal variate and detrend (SNV&D)) to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected on the basis of minimizing the standard error of cross validation (SECV). The results of this study showed that NIRS predicted the chemical constituents with a high degree of accuracy (i.e. the correlation coefficient of cross validation ($R^2{_{cv}}$) ranged from 0.86~0.96), except for crude ash which had an $R^2{_{cv}}$ of 0.68. Comparison of the mathematical treatments for raw spectra showed that the second-order derivatization procedure produced the best result for all the treatments, except for neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The best mathematical treatment for moisture, acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP) and pH was 2,16,16 respectively while the best mathematical treatment for crude ash, lactic acid and total acid was 2,8,8 respectively. The calibrations of fermentation products produced poorer calibrations (RPD < 2.5) with acetic and butyric acid. The pH, lactic acid and total acids were predicted with considerable accuracy at $R^2{_{cv}}$ 0.72~0.77. This study indicated that NIRS calibrations based on fresh coarse sorghum and sudangrass silage spectra have the capability of assessing the forage quality control

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.94-102
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• 2014

This study was conducted to estimate and compare the effects of bacterial inoculants and organic acids on silage quality. Silage pH, lactate, acetate, lactate:acetate ratio, propionate, butyrate, water-soluble carbohydrate, crude protein, ammonia-N, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were used as parameters for quality analysis and a meta-analysis technique was employed to determine the effect size. As a data pool for analysis, we examined 14 research papers. Bacterial inoculants were found to elevate pH, lactate, acetate, lactate:acetate ratio, propionate and ADF contents compared to the controls (p<0.01). In contrast bacterial inoclulants decreased butyrate, water-soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and ammonia-N contents (p<0.01). In the organic acid treatments, all parameters except ADF showed higher contents than the control (p<0.01). In the comparison of effect sizes between the two treatments, significant differences were detected in butyrate, water-soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and ammonia-N (p<0.05). It may be concluded that bacterial inoculants could improve silage quality in terms of the aforementioned four parameters compared with organic acid treatments.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.405-410
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• 2010

The effect of microwave treatment on Korean ginseng was studied by measuring the changes in moisture, crude lipid, crude ash, crude protein, total dietary fiber and saponin contents, as well as changes in density, color and microstructure. Korean ginseng was treated with 100 or 200 watts of microwaves for 1 or 3 hrs, respectively, followed by drying using an oven at $60^{\circ}C$ for 96 hrs. The moisture contents decreased to 13.12~10.77% from an initial 76.26%. The amounts of lipid and ash were reduced in proportion to the time of microwave treatment and level of microwave power. The amount of protein in ginseng after microwave treatment did not significantly change. The amount of total dietary fiber increased after microwave treatment and the color of dried ginseng became dark. The amounts of ginsenoside-$Rb_1$, $Rb_2+Rb_3$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, $Rg_1$, $Rg_2+Rh_1$ and $Rg_3$ were reduced after treatment with 100 watts of microwave radiation for 1 and 3. The amounts of ginsenoside-$Rb_1$, Rd, Re, Rf, $Rg_1$, $Rg_2+Rh_1$ and $Rg_3$ after treatment with 200 watts of microwave radiation for 1 and 3 hr also reduced. On the other hand, the amounts of ginsenoside-$Rb_2+Rb_3$ and Rc after treatment of ginseng with 200 watts of microwave radiation for 1 and 3 hrs were increased.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.965-974
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of particle size of naked oat flour (NOF) on physicochemical property and antioxidant activity. The NOF was passed through $250{\mu}m$ and $160{\mu}m$ size sieves to obtain three fractions (fraction A: $250{\mu}m$ or more, fraction B: $160-250{\mu}m$, and fraction C: $160{\mu}m$ or less). Moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash contents of NOF were 8.4, 15.7, 10.0, and 1.8%, respectively, and these contents were increased as the particle size of NOF decreased. The mineral and free amino acid contents of NOF also had a similar tendency. The contents of total starch, amylose, starch damage, total dietary fiber, ${\beta}$-glucan, total phenolics, and flavonoids in NOF were 56.4%, 21.4%, 11.7%, 11.0%, 4.7%, $237.8{\mu}g/g$ and $90.9{\mu}g/g$, respectively. As the particle size of NOF decreased, total starch, amylose, and starch damage contents increased, whereas total dietary fiber, ${\beta}$-glucan, total phenolic and flavonoid contents decreased. Also, three antioxidant activities of NOF were closely correlated with their total phenolics and flavonoids contents, showing high correlation coefficient values ($R^2=0.87$ and 0.81, respectively).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.391-400
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• 2017

Italian ryegrass (IRG) is one of the fastest growing grasses available to farmers. It offers rapid establishment and starts growing early in the following spring and has fast regrowth after defoliation. So, IRG can be utilized as the dominant/single species of grass used in a farming system, or to play a role as a large producing pasture and sacrificial paddock. The objective of this study was to develop the use of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for the evaluation of feed value of IRG. For this study, UAV imagery was taken on the Nonsan regions two times during the IRG growing season. We analyzed the relationships between $NDVI_{UAV}$ and feed value parameters such as fresh matter yield, dry matter yield, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and crude protein at the season of harvest. Correlation analysis between $NDVI_{UAV}$ and feed value parameters of IRG revealed that $NDVI_{UAV}$ correlated well with crude protein (r = 0.745), and fresh matter yield (r = 0.655). According to the relationship, the variation of $NDVI_{UAV}$ was significant to interpret feed value parameters of IRG. Eight different regression models such as Linear, Logarithmic, Inverse, Quadratic, Cubic, Power, S, and Exponential model were used to estimate IRG feed value parameters. The S and exponential model provided more accurate results to predict fresh matter yield and crude protein than other models based on coefficient of determination, p- and F-value. The spatial distribution map of feed values in IRG plot was in strong agreement with the field measurements in terms of geographical variation and relative numerical values when $NDVI_{UAV}$ was applied to regression equation. These lead to the result that the characteristics of variations in feed value of IRG according to $NDVI_{UAV}$ were well reflected in the model.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 1978

Changes in contents of general components of comfrey cultured in Korea were experimented and amino acids were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (T.L.C.) and gas chromatography (G.L.C.). The results obtained were as follows; 1. General components of comfrey such as moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrate, crude fiber and total ash were 13.20, 2.22, 22.30, 37.62, 9.38 and 15.06%. respectively, after 60 days growth. 2. The root of comfrey after 60 days contained 6.03% of alanine, 2.24% valine, 10.77% arginine, 2.96% glycine, 4.08% histidine. 1.54% isoleucine, 0.58% cystein, 1.72% methionine, 7.55% aspartic acid, 7.81% glutamic acid and 4.65% lysine in the gas chromatographic analysis of amino acid composition 3. The crude protein was decreased after 60 days of growth whereas the contents of carbohydrate, crude fiber and total ash were increased. 4. The total amount of amino acids in root was greater than that in leaf of comfrey.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.190-200
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• 2014

In this study, the antioxidant activity and quality characteristics of the Korean traditional food jeung-pyun made with ju-bak powder were investigated. Jeung-pyun added with 10% ju-bak powder had a total polyphenol content of 54.27%, DPPH free radical scavenging activity of 91.98%, reducing power of 0.51% and SOD-like antioxidant activity of 18.21%. Jeung-pyun added with ju-bak powder had a moisture content of 52.65 to 46.94%, crude fat content of 1.61 to 1.29%, crude protein content of 3.50 to 4.66%, crude ash content of 0.68 to 0.82% and dietary fiber content of 0.12 to 1.46%. Ju-bak powder added with jeung-pyun had a pH level from 4.86 to 4.39. As ju-bak content increased, the pH decreased significantly. Color L value were 78.82 to 68.67. As ju-bak content increased, the Color L value content decreased significantly; a value ranged from -1.89 to 0.69 and b value from 2.99 to 14.25. As ju-bak content increased, the color content significantly increased. As ju-bak content increased, the volume significantly decreased (ranged from 42.50 to 30.00 mL), hardness, gumminess and chewiness significantly increased, and cohesiveness significantly decreased. From SEM, as ju-bak content increased, the pores merged and collapsed, whereas the number of pores decreased and pore size became larger. Sensory evaluation of color, flavor, taste, texture, appearance, cell uniformity and overall acceptability for various levels of ju-bak powder showed that 10% had the highest acceptability. Therefore, 10% ju-bak power added with jeung-pyun has both high antioxidant capacity and sensory acceptability.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.851-862
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the proximate composition and antioxidative activities of young barley leaf(YBL). YBL powder(all w/w) was 2.98% moisture, 17.13% crude protein, 4.00% crude fat, 10.72% crude ash, and 65.17% carbohydrate. The contents of total, insoluble, and soluble dietary fiber were $36.62{\pm}2.33$, $19.05{\pm}1.04$, and $17.57{\pm}1.01g/100g$, respectively. The essential and non-essential amino acids contained in the YBL powder accounted for 46.56% and 53.44% of the total amino acids, respectively. The major unsaturated fatty acid was linolenic acid. The ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids was 4.84. Only tartaric acid was detected. The contents of vitamins A, C, and E were 0.761, 398.05, and 0.936 mg%, respectively. The mineral contents of YBL powder were in the order of Na$IC_{50}$ value for the DPPH radical scavenging of the YBL ethanol extract was $365.74{\pm}6.98mg/mL$. The antioxidative index was high and was similar to that of t-butylated hydroxytouene. These results suggest that YBL can be recommended as a baby vegetable of high nutritional quality and antioxidative properties.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.403-413
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• 2017

This study was performed to investigate the quality characteristics, including sensory and physical properties, of hamburger patties added with spinach as a source of fiber. Hamburger patties were prepared with spinach at five different levels (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%. Moisture contents of the groups with spinach were significantly higher than that of the control group. Crude fat and crude protein contents of the control group were higher than those of the group with spinach. Crude ash content of the control group was the lowest among the groups. No significant difference in pH was observed among the groups. The cooking loss rates of groups with spinach were significantly reduced compared to that of the control group. No significant difference in L value was observed among the groups. However, a value of the control group was higher than those of the groups with spinach. Otherwise, b value of the control group was lower than those of the groups with spinach. The hardness levels of the control groups were significantly higher than those of groups with spinach. In the quantitative descriptive analysis, green color and bitter taste of the groups with spinach were stronger than that of the control group. The preference levels for appearance of the groups with 10 to 15% spinach were higher than those of the other groups, including the control groups. Overall acceptabilities of the groups with 5 to 15% spinach were significantly higher than those of the other groups. In conclusion, spinach can increase the acceptability of hamburger patties, and 10 to 15% would appear to be the proper added amount.