• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.127-137
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• 1997

This study was conducted to estimate the laying performance and heterosis of Korean Native Chicken(KNC), Rhode Island Red(RIR), and KNC x RIR crossbreds A total of 1,274 female pullets were produced from KNC, RIR and RIR crossbreds in National Livestock Research Institute, Korea. The experiment was conducted for 2O~64 weeks from Jan 20. to Nov.25, 1996. The age at first egg of crossbreds were 144.1~148.7 days. The first egg weight of crossbreds was 39. 4~40.3 g, and body weights at first egg of KNC dark brown strain x RlR(DR), KNC light brown strain x RlR(LR) and KNC dark black strain x RlR(BR) were 1,943 g, 1,925 g and 2,044 g, respectively. During the laying period the average viability of crossbreds was 96.6~98.3%. The hen-day egg production of crossbreds were 111.1~113.O eggs at 40 weeks of age, and 223.5~227.5 eggs at 64 weeks of age, respectively. The hen-day egg production peaks were 78.2~80.1% in KNC, and 85.8~87.5% in crossbreds. The heterosis were estimated to be 3.61%, 9.21%, 4.78%, 2.97% and -1.63% for the first egg days, body weights at first egg, layer viability, hen-day egg production, and feed conversion ratio, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate chemical and sensory characteristics of boiled soup extracted from crossbred ogol chicken as affected by the level of Flavourzyme produced from Aspergillus oryzae and composed with endo-proteinase(674U/g) and exoproteinase(8,053U/g). It was hydrolyzed by different concentrations of the protease enzyme (Flavourzyme)(0%(Control), 0.01％(T$_2$), 0.1%(T$_3$) and 0.5%(T$_4$)) at 45$^{\circ}C$ for 4hrs. Manufacture of the extract was performed by boiling treated meats with medicinal herbs(Sipchun daebo) at a higher pressure condition. Minerals, free amino acid content, sensory properties of the extract were as follows. The sodium contents were increased as the treatment levels of enzyme increased. The iron contents were lowest when the enzyme treated by 0.5% level, however there were not significantly different among the treatments. The copper and mangan contents had no significantly different among the enzyme treatment levels. Higher contents of fee amino acid were observed as the amount of the protease increased with the treatment of higher than 0.1％ enzyme, no significant effect was observed. In sensory properties, the extract manufactured by addition of 0.01∼0.1% of Flavourzyme resulted in a similar or better appearance, flavor, taste and overall palatabilitycompared to control(no enzyme treatment). However, the extract manufactured with 0.5% of Flavourzyme resulted in lower scores in appearance, flavor, taste and overall palatability than the control. In addition, this product showed more off-flavor than control.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-27
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• 1992

160 day-old chicks of Rhode Island Red, White Leghorn and their crossbred with Naked neck chicken were reared upto 23 weeks of age at Bangladesh Agricultural University Poultry Farm in order to study the economic traits of birds. RIR had highest body weight gain (1494.39 g), followed by White Leghorn (1392.57 g), $RIR{\times}NN$ (1268.9 g) and White Leghorn ${\times}$ NN (1266.73 g). RIR showed significant difference (p < 0.05) to other groups of birds in body weight gain but difference were insignificant in between other birds. RIR showed better feed conversion ratio (4.72:1) but difference were insignificant (p > 0.05), however, $RIR{\times}NN$ exceled White Leghorn ${\times}$ NN in feed efficiency. $RIR{\times}NN$ had highest livability (90%) while White Leghorn had lowest (85%). Earlier sexual maturity was observed in White Leghorn (163 days) than RIR (168 days) but cross breds were similar in age at sexual maturity RIR were heaviest (1538.89 g) at age at sexual maturity, on the other hand $RIR{\times}NN$ were heavier (1315.39 g) than $WL{\times}NN$ (1306.77 g) at sexual maturity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1259-1259
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• 2001

Meat becomes brown and rancid during storage in the refrigerator and display in the case. Color changes, metmyoglobin formation and lipid oxidation are the important problems in the transportation / distribution of meat and retail display. The freshness of meat is determined by the sense of vision and smell. Since conventional method determining lipid oxidation is time consuming and destructive (it needs to homogenize meat with reagents, filtrate, time for reaction and read optical density using spectroscopy), more rapid and nondestructive technical tools are desired. The objective of this work was to evaluate near-infrared spectroscopy as an analytical tool for determining meat color, metmyoglobin formation and lipid oxidation. in beef, pork and chicken. Semitendinosus and longissimus thoracis muscles from six beef steers, biceps femoris and longissimus thoracis muscles from twelve LWD crossbred pigs, and superficial pectoral muscles from twenty-four broilers were used. About a 5-cm diameter and 1-cm thick sample (20.0g) was cut from the muscle and placed on plastic foam, over-wrapped with PVC film, and displayed under flourescent lights at 4 degrees C. during 10 days for beef and pork or 4 days for chicken. The spectra was measured by NIR systems Model 5500 Spectrophotometer using fiber optic scan at range of 400 - 1100 nm. Data were recorded at 2 nm intervals and 10 scans / 10 sec were averaged for every sample. Data obtained were saved as log 1/Re, where Re is the reflectance energy, and then mathematically transformed to second derivatives to reduce effects of differences in particle size. $L^{*}$, $a^{*}$ and $b^{*}$, and metmyoglobin formation were determined by conventional spectrophotometer using the integrating sphere unit. 2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured for lipid oxidation. A multiple linear regression was used to find the equation which would best fit the data. The number of wavelengths used in the equation was selected based on the fewer number compared to the increasing multiple correlation and Decreasing standard error. (omitted)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.937-942
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects on growth and muscle development during the growing period of the sex-linked dwarf gene in the background of a Taiwan Country chicken strain, L2, selected for egg production. Eight crossbred males, heterozygous for the DW*DW mutation, were each backcrossed to six females of the L2 strain to produce two genotypes of BC females, either normal (DW*N+/-) or dwarf (DW*DW/-). The experiment included 251 normal and 207 dwarf pullets. The effect of the dwarf gene on body weight and shank length was highly significant from 2 weeks of age. The reduction of body weight by the dwarf gene reached 34.8% and 37.4% as compared to normal sibs at 16 and 20 weeks of age, respectively. Parameters of the growth curve were estimated: the age at inflection (TI) was higher in normal pullets (66.9 days) than in dwarf pullets (61.2 days). A significant effect of the dwarf gene on single muscle fiber cross-section area was found from 12 weeks of age onwards, whereas the dwarf gene had no effect on the total number of muscle fibers. Comparing the effect of the dwarf gene on shank length at different ages revealed an earlier effect on skeleton growth, observed from 2 weeks of age, than on muscle development, which was affected from 8 to 12 weeks of age.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 2012

This work was carried out to investigate the performance of growing period of two-way crossed of Korean native chickens parental stocks. A total of four hundred eighty female 2-crossbred chicks were used in this study and they were from National Institute of Animal Science. Groups were four crossbreds (4 replications/crossbred, 30 birds/replication) as A) C strain ${\times}$ Y strain, B) C strain ${\times}$ L strain, C) C strain ${\times}$ G strain and D) C strain ${\times}$ W strain. Body weight of A crossbred was the highest at the age of 8 week (P<0.05) and that of D strain was the lowest for growing period (P<0.05). Body weights of A and B crossbreds were higher than those of C and D crossbreds at the 12 and 16 weeks (P<0.05). Weekly body weights of A and B crossbreds were higher than C and D crossbreds (P<0.05), and weekly body weight of B crossbred was higher compared to other crossbreds at 0~20 weeks old. Weekly feed intake of D crossbred was the lowest among all crossbreds at 0~12, 0~16 and 0~20 weeks old (P<0.05). Weekly feed conversion ratio of C crossbred was the highest among crossbreds (P<0.05). These results can give the basic information for growth related data in 2-way crossbreed Korean Native Chickens, which can be used for the parental stocks for the laying-type of Korean native commercial chickens.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.255-262
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the growth performance between two different crossbred strains of Korean native chickens denoted as 1E and 2E with a white semibroiler (LL) from hatch to d-84 post-hatch. A total of 450 one-day-old chicks were randomly distributed into cages which included 15 replicate cages each for 1E and 2E with 9 replicate cages for LL. A three phase feeding program was used as a starter (Day 1 - 35; crude protein [CP] 20.3%; metabolizable energy [ME] 3,059 kcal·kg^-1), grower (Day 36 - 56; CP 18.6%; ME 3,123 kcal·kg^-1) and finisher (Day 57 - 84; CP 16.7%; ME 3,187 kcal·kg^-1). The results revealed that LL had a higher (p < 0.05) BW during d-8 to d-84 compared with the other two cross breed groups. A higher (p < 0.05) ADG was observed from the LL during the entire period except from d-1 to d-14 and d-71 to d-84 when compared with 1E and 2E. Shank length did not vary (p > 0.05) between the strains, despite LL having a SL that was 2.86% higher (p < 0.05) when compared with the other strains from d-15 to d-21 post-hatch, and 1E had a SL that was 2.28% (p < 0.05) higher when compared with the other strains during the first week of the experiment.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.303-310
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• 2023

The current study was conducted to compare the effect of crossbred on the body weight and laying performance of Korean native chicken from hatch to week 40. A total of 873 one-day-old chicks were divided into twelve crossbreds (i.e., CFCK, CFYC, CFYD, CKCF, CKYC, CKYD, YCYD, YCCF, YCCK, YDCF, YDCK, and YDYC) and commercial layer (Hy-Line Brown) were obtained as a counterpart in the study. All the birds are raised in battery cages (76 × 61 × 46 cm³) and then raised until 14 weeks and subsequently moved to layer battery cages (60 × 25 × 45 cm³) and raised until 16 weeks. The body weight and viability were measured biweekly from hatching to week 16. The week of 16, body weight range was about 1,010.24 to 1,411.77 g. The body weight of specific crossbreeds (i.e., CKCF, YCYD, and YDYC) was found to be comparable to that of Hy-Line Brown). The viability hatch to week 14 range was about 55 to 100% and however week 14 to 16 range was 80 to 100%. The crossbred (i.e., CKCF) recorded superior (P<0.05) viability throughout the whole experiment period, even compared with Hy-Line Brown (100% vs 96%). Our results are indicating that crossbreds Korean native chicken including CKCF, and YDYC has the potential to enhance key features of laying hens during the growing phase like optimal body weight and higher viability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.316-323
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• 2014

We previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for body weight and average daily gain in a common region between ADL0198 (chr 1: 171.7 Mb) and ABR0287 (chr 1: 173.4 Mb) on chicken chromosome 1 in an $F_2$ resource population produced by crossing low- and high-growth lines of the Hinai-dori breed. Motilin receptor (MLNR) is a candidate gene affecting growth traits in the region. In this study, we genotyped polymorphisms of the MLNR gene and investigated its association with growth traits in a Hinai-dori $F_2$ intercross population. All the exons of the MLNR gene in the parental population were subjected to PCR amplification, nucleotide sequenced and haplotypes identified. To distinguish resultant diplotype individuals in the $F_2$ population, a mismatch amplification mutation assay was performed. Three haplotypes (Haplotypes 1-3) were accordingly identified. Six genotypes produced by the combination of three haplotypes (Haplotype 1, 2, and 3) were examined in order to identify associations between MLNR haplotypes and growth traits. The data showed that Haplotype 1 was superior to Haplotype 2 and 3 in body weight at 10 and 14 weeks of age, average daily gain between 4 and 10 weeks, 10 and 14 weeks, and 0 and 14 weeks of age in female in $F_2$ females. It was concluded that MLNR is a useful marker of growth traits and could be used to develop strategies for improving growth traits in the Hinai-dori breed.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.644-651
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• 2015

To enhance the consumption of horse meat, its nutritional composition was analyzed and compared to that of white meat (i.e., chicken and duck), which consumers consider healthy. Horse meat samples used in the experiment were classified by breed and grade as follows: Jeju horse (grade $1^+$ and 1), Jeju crossbred horse (grade 1 and 2), Thoroughbred (no grade), and cuts (loin, chuck roll, and arm picnic). In an analysis of general components and cholesterol, the horse meat was confirmed as a low-fat, high-protein, and low-cholesterol food material. In an amino acid analysis, horse meat contained a higher proportion of essential amino acids than white meat. The fatty acid compositions were also analyzed. The content of linolenic acid, an essential fatty acid, was significantly higher in all horse meat groups than in Ross chicken and Pekin duck meat. The content of palmitoleic acid showed similar results. In a mineral analysis, the levels of Fe and Zn in horse meat were higher than those of white meat. The mineral content was as follows except for the leg of shite meat: K > P > Na > Mg > Ca > Zn > Fe.