• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.880-887
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• 1998

In order to study heat transfer characteristics of spray cooling for the purpose of uniform and soft cooling of high temperature surface a series of experiments for a hot horizontal copper flat plate was performed by downflow spray water using flat spray nozzle. Cooling curves were mea-sured under the various experimental conditions of flow rates and temperatures of cooling water Surface temperature surface heat fluxes and heat transfer coefficients of horizontal upward-facing flat surface were calculated with cooling curves measured at each radial positions near the cooling surface by TDMA method. Generally heat transfer characteristics for spray cooling is simi-lar to boiling phenomenon of pool boiling. The minimum heat flux(MHF) appear at the surface temperature of about ${\Delta}Tsat=250^{\circ}C$ and the critical heat flux(CHF) appear at about ${\Delta}Tsat=250^{\circ}C$.

• Water for future
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.133-140
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• 1994

The augmenting hydrologic data using a correlation procedue has been used to improve the estimates of the mean and variance at the site of interest with short record when one or more nearby sites with longer records are available. The variance of the unbiased maximum likelihood estimator of ${{\sigma}_v}^2$ derived by Moran based on the multivariate normal distribution is modified into the form of Matalas and jacobs for the bivariate normal distribution to get the critical minimum values of the multiple correlation coefficient which give the improvement for estimation the variance at the site of interest. Those values are tabulated for various lengths of records and the number of sites.

• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 1980

The optimal plastic design of framed structures has been treated as the minimum weight design while satisfying the limit equilibrium condition that the structure may not fail in any of the all possible collapse modes before the specified design ultimate load is reached. Conventional optimum frame designs assume that a continuous spectrum of member size is available. In fact, the vailable sections merely consist of a finite range of discrete member sizes. Optimum frame design using discrete sections has been performed by adopting the plastic collapse theory and using the Complex Method of Box. This study has presented an iterative approach to the optimal plastic design of plane structures that involves the performance of a series of minimum weight design where the limit equilibrium equation pertaining to the critical collapse mode is added to the constraint set for the next design. The critical collapse mode is found by the collapse load analysis that is formulated as a linear programming problem. This area of research is currently being studied. This study would be applied and extended to design the larger and more complex framed structures.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.793-800
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• 2011

This paper investigates the operational modes of buck dc-dc converters and their energy transmission methods. The operational modes of such converters are classified in two types, discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) and continuous conduction mode (CCM). In this paper, the critical inductance relation of DCM and CCM is determined. The equations of the output voltage ripple (OVR) for each mode are obtained for a specific input voltage and load resistance range. The maximum output voltage ripple (MOVR) is also obtained for each mode. The filter size is decreased and the minimum required inductance value is calculated to guarantee the minimization of the MOVR. The experimental and simulation results in PSCAD/EMTDC prove the correctness of the presented theoretical concepts.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.1-5
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• 2021

Among elemental metals, niobium (Nb) has the highest superconducting transition temperature (T_c) at ambient pressure. Thus, Nb films have been used in superconducting electronics and radio frequency cavity applications. In this study, the depositional factors determining the crystallinity and T_c of Nb films were investigated. An Nb film grown at a sputtering temperature of 240℃ exhibited the maximum crystallinity of Nb and the minimum crystallinity of niobium oxide. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed a maximum atomic percent of niobium and a minimum atomic percent of oxygen. A sputtering power of 210 W and a sputtering time of 50 min were the optimal conditions for Nb deposition, and the T_c of the optimized film (9.08 K) was close to that of bulk Nb (9.25 K). Transmission electron microscopy images of the thick film directly confirmed the removal of the typical in-plane compressive strain in the (110) plane caused by residual stress.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.376-381
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• 2003

Ultra precision diamond cutting is a very efficient manufacturing method for optical parts such as HOE, Fresnel lenses, diffraction lenses, and others. During micro cutting, the rake angle is likely to become negative because the tool edge radius is considerably large compared to the sub-micrometer-order depth of cut. Depending on the ratio of the tool edge radius to the depth of cut, different micro-cutting mechanism modes appear. Therefore, the tool edge sharpness is the most important factor affecting the qualities of machined parts. That is why diamond especially mono-crystal diamond, which has the sharpest edge among all other materials is widely used in micro-cutting. The question arises, given a diamond tool, what is the minimum (critical) depth of cut to get continuous chips while in the cutting process\ulcorner In this paper, the micro machinability around the critical depth of cut is investigated in micro grooving with a diamond tool, and introduce the minimizing method of cutting depth using vibration cutting. The experimental results show the characteristics of micro cutting in terms of cutting force ratio (Fx/Fy), chip shape, surface roughness, and surface hardeing around the critical depth of cut.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.157-167
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• 2008

Six smooth flat tensile specimens and eighteen punch specimens with three different thicknesses were machined from steel of JIS G3131 SPHC. In addition to punch tests, incremental tensile tests were conducted to obtain average true flow stress - logarithmic true strain curves. Through parametric FE simulations for the tensile specimens, material parameters related to GTN model were identified. Using indenters with three kinds of radius, punch tests were carried out to obtain fracture characteristics of punch specimens. Numerical analyses using both fracture models, GTN and $J_2$ plasticity model, gave that the former estimated well the fracture of punch specimen but the latter did not. A new concept for critical size of plate elements was introduced based on minimum relative sharpness between contact structures. Consequently, a new criterion for critical element size was proposed to be less than 20% of minimum relative radius of interacting structures.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.106-113
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• 2011

The conventional grounding impedance of a counterpoise is calculated as a function of the length of the counterpoise by use of the distributed parameter circuit model with an application of the EMTP(Electromagnetic Transient Program). The adequacy of the distributed parameter circuit model is examined and verified by comparison of the simulated and the measured results. The conventional grounding impedance of the counterpoise is analyzed for the first short stroke and subsequent short stroke currents. As a result, the simulated results show that the minimum conventional grounding impedance gives at a specified length of the counterpoise. The shorter the time taken to reach the peak of injected currents, the shorter the length of the counterpoise having the minimum conventional grounding impedance. We also present the critical lengths of the counterpoise for short stroke currents as a function of soil resistivity. Based on these results, it is necessary to compute the length of the counterpoise in a specified soil resistivity which satisfies both the low conventional grounding impedance requirement whilst also providing a suitable ground resistance in order to obtain an economical design and installation of the counterpoise.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.415-423
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• 2019

Near-fault ground motions can impose particularly high seismic demands on structures due to the pulses that are typically observed in the velocity time-histories. In this study it is empirically found that the critical response can be estimated from the directions corresponding to the maximum (max) or minimum (min) pulse-energy. Determination of the pulse-energy requires removing of the high-frequency content. For achieving this, the wavelet analysis and the least-square-fitting (LSF) algorithm are adopted. Results obtained by the two strategies are compared and differences between them are analyzed. Finally, the relationship between the critical response and the response derived from directions having the max or min pulse-energy confirms that using the pulse-energy for deriving the critical response of the building structures is reasonable.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.1-5
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• 2019

The superconductor stability theories are consistently described by the integral formula. If the defined stability function is a simple decreasing function, it becomes a cryogenic stability condition. If the stability function has a maximum value and a minimum value, and the maximum value is less than 0, then it is a cold-end recovery condition. If the maximum value is more than 0, it can be shown that the unstable equilibrium temperature, that is, the MPZ (minimum propagation zone) temperature distribution can exist. The MPZ region is divided into two regions according to the current ratio. At the low current ratio, the maximum dimensionless temperature is greater than 1, and at the relatively high current ratio, the maximum dimensionless temperature is less than 1. In order to predict the minimum quench energy, the dimensionless energy was obtained for the MPZ temperature distribution. In particular, it was shown that the dimensionless energy can be obtained even when the MPZ maximum temperature is 1 or more.