• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• 제1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2001

Residents of urban area like to be near rural animals during their daily life, so it is important conserve the suburban Yato landscape in Japan. This study targets the species of frogs that are commonly found in Yato paddies. It is necessary to various frogs inhabiting in Yato, because frogs are popular among Japanese, who as children enjoy capturing tadpoles and frogs. Its purpose is to clarify how that composition of frog species changes when the functionality of a frog habitat is diminished by urbanization. The survey, conducted in the Eastern Kanagawa area in central Japan, determined the distribution of each species of frog in grid cells measuring 0.5-$\textrm{km}^2$. It hsows wide distributing species (Hyla japonica; they always inhabit in all paddies), the middle range distributing species (Rhacophorus schlegelii and Rana porosa p.), the limited range distributing species (R. rugosa; they are most critical species, sine they are recognized only two cells), and so on. Correspondence analysis based on the frog species composition in each cell was performed to ascertain the adaptability of each species to various paddy field conditions. The results allowed us to classify cells into four groups according to the composition of the inhabiting species. And we recognized that the process by which frogs disappear occurs in reaction to either of two patterns of change. As paddy fields are improved by farmland consolidation, R. rugosa, R. ornativentris, R. japonica, and Bufo. japonica f. decline rapidly. In plateau areas, a smore andmore paddies are converted into strong, well-drained fields, only H. japonica and R. porosa p. remain. But in hilly areasd, the species composition becomes only H. japonica and R. schlegelii. Finally, we discuss the concept of ecological urban design in the context of the conservation of frog species in Yato paddies.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.548-557
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• 2019

Staphylococcus species have a ubiquitous habitat in a wide range of foods, thus the ability to identify staphylococci at the species level is critical in the food industry. In this study, we performed rapid identification of Staphylococcus species using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). MALDI-TOF MS was evaluated for the identification of Staphylococcus reference strains (n = 19) and isolates (n = 96) from various foods with consideration for the impact of sample preparation methods and incubation period. Additionally, the spectra of isolated Staphylococcus strains were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and a main spectra profile (MSP)-based dendrogram. MALDI-TOF MS accurately identified Staphylococcus reference strains and isolated strains: the highest performance was by the EX method (83.3~89.5% accuracy) at species level identification (EDT, 70.3~78.9% accuracy; DT, less than 46.3~63.2% accuracy) of 24-h cultured colonies. Identification results at the genus level were 100% accurate at EDT, EX sample preparation and 24-h incubation time. On the other hand, the DT method showed relatively low identification accuracy in all extraction methods and incubation times. The analyzed spectra and MSP-based dendrogram showed that the isolated Staphylococcus strains were characterized at the species level. The performance analysis of MALDI-TOF MS shows the method has the potential ability to discriminate between Staphylococcus species from foods in Korea. This study provides valuable information that MALDI-TOF MS can be applied to monitor microbial populations and pathogenic bacteria in the food industry thereby contributing to food safety.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.143-155
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• 2016

Present work aims to establish the countermeasure for the better maintenance and preservation of insular floristic diversity at the South Sea of Jeollanamdo Province, ROK, where unique ecosystems are under threat due to climate change, anthropogenic disturbance and habitat destruction. Numerous flora reports from 15 inhabited islands and 60 uninhabited islands as well as field survey data are collated for the compilation of floristic data base and island biogeographical analysis. Out of the 1,940 vascular plant species from 180 families occurring in studies areas, 30.1 percentage or 584 plant species are physiognomically belonging to arboreal plants. Average number of species at individual island is numbered about 222 species, but it varies from about 591 species at the inhabited islands to 129 species at the uninhabited islands. Only 0.15 percentage of species with high proportion above 0.9 in its relative occurrence rate occurs at 68 islands and it includes three species, such as Pinus thunbergii, Eurya japonica and Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum. However, about 68 percentage of plant species occurring in study area is confined their distribution to less than seven islands. Presence of high proportion of notable plants in small islands, i.e., 10 critically endangered species compared with 5.5 species in average, 9 endangered species (average 4.2 spp.) at Sonjookdo, and 7 critically endangered species, 8 endangered species at Sokomundo may due to existence of diverse geological and topographical environmental diversity as well as lower human population density and remoteness from the mainland. Since island is small in size and geographically isolated, minor environmental and ecological burdens can cause the critical damages to the diversity of flora and vegetation, urgent island biogeographical research is needed for the scientific conservation and management of island biodiversity.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.127-154
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• 2020

Disproportionate collapse triggered by local structural failure may cause huge casualties and economic losses, being one of the most critical civil engineering incidents. It is generally recognized that ensuring robustness of a structure, defined as its insensitivity to local failure, is the most acceptable and effective method to arrest disproportionate collapse. To date, the concept of robustness in its definition and quantification is still an issue of controversy. This paper presents a detailed review on about 50 quantitative measures of robustness for building structures, being classified into structural attribute-based and structural performance-based measures (deterministic and probabilistic). The definition of robustness is first described and distinguished from that of collapse resistance, vulnerability and redundancy. The review shows that deterministic measures predominate in quantifying structural robustness by comparing the structural responses of an intact and damaged structure. The attribute-based measures based on structural topology and stiffness are only applicable to elastic state of simple structural forms while the probabilistic measures receive growing interest by accounting for uncertainties in abnormal events, local failure, structural system and failure-induced consequences, which can be used for decision-making tools. There is still a lack of generalized quantifications of robustness, which should be derived based on the definition and design objectives and on the response of a structure to local damage as well as the associated consequences of collapse. Critical issues and recommendations for future design and research on quantification of robustness are provided from the views of column removal scenarios, types of structures, regularity of structural layouts, collapse modes, numerical methods, multiple hazards, degrees of robustness, partial damage of components, acceptable design criteria.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.112-117
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• 1994

덕유산 국립공원 지역에 생육하고 있는 회귀 및 멸종위기식물의 서식처를 답사하여 그 생육상황을 조사하였으며, 복수초 군락 등 16종류를 대상으로 하여 기존에 우리나라에서 분류되어 사용되고 있는 분류결과와 최근에 작성 중인 회귀 및 멸종위기식물의 평가기준에 따라 재분류를 시도하였다. 본 조사에서 검토된 식물 종은 복수초 군락, 너도바람꽃, 구상나무, 주목, 뻐꾹나리, 왕괴불나무, 금강애기나리, 누른종덩굴, 백작약, 개불알꽃, 노각나무, 흰참꽃, 등대시호, 한라부추, 솔나리 및 감자난 등 모두 16종류였다. 이들을 I.U.C.N.의 S.S.C.에서 마련 중인 회귀 및 멸종위기 식물의 평가기준을 적용하여 재평가한 바 Endangered (E)에 해당하는 종으로는 너도바람꽃, 구상나무, 주목, 뻐꾹나리, 백작약, 노각나무, 흰참꽃, 등대시호, 솔나리 및 감자난 등 10종이, Critical (C)에 해당하는 종으로는 왕괴불나무, 누른종덩굴, 개불알꽃, 한라부추 등 4종이, Vulnerable (V)에 해당하는 종으로는 복수초와 금강애기나리 등 2종이었다. 상기의 구분은 기존에 우리나라에서 분류되어 알려져 있는 구분과는 약간의 차이가 있었으며, 이들 식물종들의 관리보전계획을 위해 앞으로 더욱 검토, 보완되어야 하리라 판단된다. 덕유산 국립공원내에 생육하고 있는 보전대상 특정식물은 주로 등산로변이나 개발계획지 등지에 거의 무방비 상태로 노출되어 있어서 앞으로 더욱 훼손될 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단되었다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.118-125
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• 2019

어류의 유영능력은 어류의 생존을 결정짓는 중요한 요인이다. 또한, 어류의 유영능력 측정값은 어도 설치 시 서식하는 종에 대한 기초자료, 생태 하천 복원 시 어류의 서식 및 산란장 조성, 생태유량 산정 시 자료로 활용할 수 있다. 그러나 국내의 경우 담수어류의 유영능력에 대한 연구가 거의 이루어지지 않거나, 부족한 면이 있기 때문에 어류의 유영능력이 고려되지 않은 상태에서 어도들이 설치되어 왔다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 금강 수역에서 서식하는 붕어(Carassius auratus), 참갈겨니(Zacco koreanus), 줄몰개(Gnathopogon strigatus), 납자루(Acheilognathus lanceolata intermedia)를 대상으로 유영능력측정기 (Swim tunnel respirometer, $Loligo^{(R)}$ System)를 사용하여 돌진속도, 전진속도를 포함한 유영속도를 측정하였다. 종별 평균 돌진속도의 $U_{crit}$ (임계유영속도) 값은 붕어(C. auratus) $0.8{\pm}0.04m\;s^{-1}$; 참갈겨니(Z. koreanus) $0.77{\pm}0.04m\;s^{-1}$; 줄몰개(G. strigatus) $0.95{\pm}0.04m\;s^{-1}$; 납자루(A. lanceolata intermedia) $0.73{\pm}0.03m\;s^{-1}$으로 측정되었고, 각 종별 평균 전진속도의 $U_{crit}$ 값은 C. auratus $0.54m\;s^{-1}$, Z. koreanus $0.67m\;s^{-1}$, G. strigatus $0.7m\;s^{-1}$, A. lanceolata intermedia $0.54m\;s^{-1}$로 측정되었다. 본 실험에서 사용된 어류는 금강 수계에서 채집된 담수어류 중 4종만을 선정하여 실험이 진행되었기 때문에 한국의 전체 수계에 서식하는 해당 종을 대표하기에는 부족한 면이 있지만, 해당 수계에 서식하는 종의 특성 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 향후 국내에 서식하는 보다 다양한 담수어류에 대한 유영능력 평가가 필요하며, 이들 자료를 활용한 어도를 통한 하천의 연결성 확보가 요구된다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.376-384
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• 2017

방글라데시는 인도히말라야와 인도차이나 경계에 위치한 아열대 몬순기후지역이며 생물다양성 핫스팟으로 알려져 있다. 식생은 활엽수림, 침엽수 및 혼효림으로 구성되어 있으며 습지와 망그로브로 이루어져 있다. 자연경관은 많은 강과 해안선 및 언덕과 농업 산림으로 이루어진 수려한 경관이다. 전 세계적인 선라반이라 불리는 망그로브가 있으며, 이 지역은 방글라데시와 인도 중간에 위치하고 있으며, 1999년 유네스코 세계자연유산지역이다. 망그로브의 62%가 방글라데시에 위치하고 있으며, 많은 동식물이 존재한다. 그러나 많은 사람으로 인해 자연환경이 변화고 있으며, 벌채림이 증가하고, 자연서식자가 감소된다. 이런 이유로 많은 종이 멸종에 처하게 되고 사라진 종도 많다. 이 지역 사람들은 직간접적으로 자연자원에 이익을 얻게 되며, 현재 생태관광이 주 수입원이다. 자연자원의 보호를 위해 정부는 각종 법령을 제정하고 있으며 많은 NGO가 생물다양성과 생태계 보전을 위해 노력하고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 현재 접경지역을 통한 오염물질과 자연재해는 방글라데시의 큰 위협요인이다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.523-528
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• 1984

자연에서 5월중순부터 10월초기까지 산란기를 가지는 그물코쥐치, Rudarius ercodes를 대상으로 이들의 생식주기성립기구를 밝히고저 여러가지 광주기 및 온도 조건이 생식소의 활성과 퇴화 그리고 재성숙에 미치는 영향을 실험적으로 조사하였다. 이른봄에 생식소는 장일광주기(13L이상)에 의해서 활성화되어 산란기에 이르게 되며, 이때 수온상승이 보상적으로 촉진역할을 한다. 일단 임계일장($12L{\sim}13L$)이상이 작용되어 생식소 활성화가 일어난 개체들은 임계일장 이하에 되돌려도 생식소는 계속 성숙하였다. 산란종료기에는 수온에 관계없이 단일(12L)적으로 생식소 퇴화가 초래되고 있어 자연에서 일장단축이 산란기를 종료시키는 요인임을 알 수 있다. 산란기를 종결하고 퇴화중인 생식소에서도 $20^{\circ}C$ 수온의 장일광주기(13L이상)에서 재성숙하여 산란까지 이르고 있어 연중 생식주기의 인공적인 제어가 가능함을 시사하고 있다. 이때 장일광주기일지라도 $28^{\circ}C$이상의 고수온구는 성숙억제현상이 나타났다.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2005

The embryos of marine bivalves have been commonly used in bioassays for the quality assessment of marine environments. Although several standard protocols for developmental bioassay with bivalves have been already proposed, there have been few trials for applying these protocols in environmental assessment, or for developing new protocol with Korean species. So, there is a strong need to establish the standard bioassay protocols using bivalves commonly found in Korean waters. Prior to developing a new protocol, it is essential to know the optimum conditions for the reliable bioassay procedures. Here, we established the purpose of this study to determine the optimum bioassay conditions for successful development of a common mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. The conditions considered as critical for developmental bioassay, and determined in this study were; (1) temperature, (2) salinity, and (3) initial density of embryo. The optimal temperature for developmental bioassay of M. galloprovincialis was determined as $15^{\circ}C$. At this temperature, the required time for the embryo to become veliger larva was 48 hr. The acceptable range of salinity for the embryotoxicity test using M. galloprivincialis was from 30 to 35 psu, which was narrower than that of the natural habitat of adult populations. The optimum density of embryo at the beginning of bioassay was 100 embryos/ml. Over this density, the proportion of normally developed larvae decreased significantly. The results obtained in this study will serve as a basis for preparation of the standard bioassay protocol using embryo of M. galloprovincialis.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.37-51
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• 2012

New generation of tall and complex buildings systems are now introduced that are reflective of the latest development in materials, design, sustainability, construction, and IT technologies. While the complexity in design is being overcome by the availability and advances in structural analysis tools and readily advanced software, the design of these buildings are still reliant on minimum code requirements that yet to be validated in full scale. The involvement of the author in the design and construction planning of Burj Khalifa since its inception until its completion prompted the author to conceptually develop an extensive survey and real-time structural health monitoring program to validate all the fundamental assumptions mad for the design and construction planning of the tower. The Burj Khalifa Project is the tallest structure ever built by man; the tower is 828 meters tall and comprises of 162 floors above grade and 3 basement levels. Early integration of aerodynamic shaping and wind engineering played a major role in the architectural massing and design of this multi-use tower, where mitigating and taming the dynamic wind effects was one of the most important design criteria established at the onset of the project design. Understanding the structural and foundation system behaviors of the tower are the key fundamental drivers for the development and execution of a state-of-the-art survey and structural health monitoring (SHM) programs. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to discuss the execution of the survey and real-time structural health monitoring programs to confirm the structural behavioral response of the tower during construction stage and during its service life; the monitoring programs included 1) monitoring the tower's foundation system, 2) monitoring the foundation settlement, 3) measuring the strains of the tower vertical elements, 4) measuring the wall and column vertical shortening due to elastic, shrinkage and creep effects, 5) measuring the lateral displacement of the tower under its own gravity loads (including asymmetrical effects) resulting from immediate elastic and long term creep effects, 6) measuring the building lateral movements and dynamic characteristic in real time during construction, 7) measuring the building displacements, accelerations, dynamic characteristics, and structural behavior in real time under building permanent conditions, 8) and monitoring the Pinnacle dynamic behavior and fatigue characteristics. This extensive SHM program has resulted in extensive insight into the structural response of the tower, allowed control the construction process, allowed for the evaluation of the structural response in effective and immediate manner and it allowed for immediate correlation between the measured and the predicted behavior. The survey and SHM programs developed for Burj Khalifa will with no doubt pioneer the use of new survey techniques and the execution of new SHM program concepts as part of the fundamental design of building structures. Moreover, this survey and SHM programs will be benchmarked as a model for the development of future generation of SHM programs for all critical and essential facilities, however, but with much improved devices and technologies, which are now being considered by the author for another tall and complex building development, that is presently under construction.