• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.245-259
• /
• 1990

Petrochemical analyses of granitic rocks including trace element, REE and oxygen isotope were carried out to understand petrogenesis of plutonic rocks from the Chungju, Wolaksan and Jecheon granite batholiths, which might be related with tungsten-base metal-fluorite mineralization in the Hwanggangri metallogenic province. Different geochemical characteristics such as major and trace elements were found between Jurassic Daebo granitic rocks (Chungju, Jecheon, Wonju, and Boeun granitic rocks) and Cretaceous Bulgugsa granitic rocks (Wolaksan, Muamsa and Sokrisan granitic rocks). Cretaceous granitoids are characterized by high $SiO_2$and $K_2O$ contents and low $TiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, MgO and CaO contents. They also have relatively high contents of trace elements(Zn, V, Co, Cr, Sr, and Ba) in comparison with the Jurassic granitoids. (Eu)/($Eu^*$) and $(La/Lu)_{CN}$ ratios of Jurassic plutons vary from 0.78 to 1.13 and from 26.02 to 30.5, respectively, while the ratios of Cretaceous ones range from 0.22 to 0.28 and from 4.42 to 14.2, respectively. The REE patterns of the Cretaceous and Jurassic granitic rocks have quite different Eu anomalies: large negative Eu anomaly in the former, and mild or absent Eu anomaly in the latter. The large Eu negative of Cretaceous granitic rocks are interpreted as a differentiated product of fractional crystallization of granitic magma deduced by Rayleigh fractionation model(Tsusue et al., 1987). Oxygen isotopic compositions of quartz for Daebo and Bulgugsa granitic rocks range from 9.98 to 10.51‰ and from 8.26 to 9.56‰, respectively. The Daebo granitic rocks enriched in $^{18}0$ suggest that the magma be undergone different partial melting processes from the Bulgugsa ones. Of the Bulgugsa granitoids, Wolaksan and Sokrisan mass have different contents of trace elements and ${\delta}\;^{18}0$ values of the silicate minerals, which indicate that they are not from the identical source of magma. Many mineral deposits are distributed in and/or near the Wolaksan and Muamsa granitic rocks, but a few mineral deposits are found in and near the Chungju and Jecheon granite batholiths. It might be depend on geochemisty of the related igneous rocks which have low contents of Ba, Sr, Co, V, Cr, Ni, Zn and high contents of Nb and Y, and on lithology of country rocks such as cabonate and noncarbonate rocks.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.85-106
• /
• 1976

The Bulgugsa acidic igneous rocks of the late Cretaceous age are largely distributed in Busan area, which is located in the southeastern corner of the Korean Peninsula. These igneous rocks comprise in ascending order, felsite, dacitic-rhyolitic welded tuffs, granite porphyry and granitic rocks. The former three members represent the early phase of volcanic activities, so that they are named as Jangsan volcanic rocks. The granitic rocks consist of granodiorite, hornblende biotite granite, Kumjongsan granite, fine grained granite, and Daebyen granite, represent the late phase of igneous activities. The Kumjongsan grainte, the largest pluton of the granitic mass, emplaced between two great vertical faults trending NNE. New chemical analyses of 33 rock samples of these acidic rocks are given. Their chemical compositions are generally similar to those of the late Mesozoic acidic igneous rocks of the northern Ashio mountains, and C-Zone granite group of the Ogcheon geosyncline, with their characteristic variation trends of several oxides. Their chemical compositions also show that $Al_2O_3$ is high value, and differentiation index is high, too. Systematically developing joints in Kumjungsan granite are divisible into two types at least. One is the NS-N $20^{\circ}E$ trendirig, $85^{\circ}{\sim}90^{\circ}$ dipping type of joint system which coincides with the trends of distribution of the granite mass and the dikes intruding this granite. Joints of this type may be cooling joints generated as tension cracks. The other is the $N60^{\circ}{\sim}70^{\circ}W$ or $N40^{\circ}{\sim}60^{\circ}E$ trending type of joint systems. It is considered that. joints belonging to this type may be shear joint occurring under the state of south-north tectonic couple acting at the east and west side of the granite mass. Igneous activities of the the Bulgugsa acidic igneous rocks in Busan area was taken place as. follows, formation of the magma reservoir, eruption and intrusion of felsite, consolidation of vents. and increasing vapor pressure in magma reservoir, eruption of pyroclastic flows, caldera collapse, intrusion of granite porphyry, and intrusion of granitic rocks at the latest stage.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.343-352
• /
• 1990

The Cretaceous granites are widely distributed in the studied area, Mungyeong-Sangju, which belongs to the southwestern part of the Ogcheon Folded Belt. The granites are characterized by medium-coarse grained, spotted miaroles, partly flow textures of biotite, aplitic dykes and pegmatitic pockets with druse. From the major compositions, the granites indicate peraluminous, calc-alkaline, salic and late stage products of differentiation. In the view of normative compositions of Qz-Ab-Or and perthitic alkali feldspar, they were formed under 1-4kb and $426^{\circ}-456^{\circ}C$ in acqueous conditions. The K/ Ar biotite age shows $72{\pm}1$ Ma for this grante, corresponding to the igneous activity of the Bulgugsa Disturbance periods in the area. The above results represent that these granite bodies are differentiated from a single magma.

• 한국지구과학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 2000

경상분지내 백악기에는 매우 활동적인 마그마 활동이 많이 있었으며, 그 결과 여러 화산암과 심성암을 형성하였고, 반심성암의 관입에 이르는 하나의 화성윤회가 잘 나타나는 지역이다. 이러한 심성암 중 각섬석을 함유하고 있는 화강암에 대한 압력 추정은 경상분지내 백악기 불국사화강암류의 정치 깊이에 대한 중요한 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 각섬석의 성분 중 $Al^T$(Al total)함량은 온도, 산소분압, 그리고 고용체를 가지고 있는 광물들의 성분과 무관하고 압력에만 관계가 있다. 그래서 우리는 각섬석의 $Al^T$ 함량을 여러 경험적, 실험적 지압계에 적용하여 압력을 유추할 수 있었고, 이 각섬석을 함유하는 암석은 주위 다른 암석과 밀접한 관련성이 있으므로, 유추된 압력으로 경상분지내 백악기 불국사화강암류의 정치 깊이를 결정할 수 있었다. EPMA 분석을 통해 구한 각섬석 $Al^T$값을 여러 관계식에 적용해 본 결과, 압력과 $Al^T$값 사이에는 정의 상관 관계가 있었고, 경상분지내 백악기 화강암류 중에서 가장 작은 압력 값을 가지는 지역은 경주지역($0.73{\sim}l.70kbar$)이었고, 가장 높은 값을 가지는 지역은 김해지역($2.02{\sim}3.16kbar$)이었다. 그리고 유추된 압력 값이 김해, 거제, 부산, 마산, 남해, 경주 순서로 높기 때문에 경상분지의 지구조가 백악기의 화강암류의 정치 깊이와는 상관 관계가 없음을 나타내고 각 지역마다 수직성분의 운동이 달랐음을 의미한다. 그리고 지각의 밀도가 $2.8g/cm^3$로 가정했을 때, 경상분지의 화강암류의 압력평균값이 약 $0.73{\sim}3.16kbar$의 범위를 가졌고, 경상분지내 백악기 화강암류의 정치 깊이는 $2.6{\sim}11.4km$범위를 가졌다. 이는 경상분지 화강암류에 대해 유추된 기존의 정성적인 생각과 일치한다는 것을 알 수 있었고, 각섬석의 $Al^T$함량을 이용한 여러 경험적, 실험적인 압력계가 많은 제한점이 있지만 경상분지의 백악기 불국사화강암류에는 정성적으로 유효함을 알 수 있었다. 우리는 최종적으로 경상분지내 백악기 화강암류는 천부관입 암체이고 노출된 화강암류가 천부지각이라는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제31권6호
• /
• pp.473-483
• /
• 1998

The igneous rocks in the Goseong area are composed of the volcanic rocks (andesitic lapilli tuff and rhyodacite), Bulgugsa granites (Hornblende-biotite granite and two pyroxene granite) and intrusive andesites. In the variation diagrams of the trace and rare earth element contents and elemental ratios as well as the REE patterns, the three igneous rock types show different variational trends and patterns. The geochemical features represent that the igneous rocks in the area were formed from three different magmatic pulses. Two independently carried out Rb-Sr isotope experiments for the Goseong granites show that the whole rock ages and Sr initial ratios of the granites are $66.4{\pm}6.2Ma$, $0.70517{\pm}22(2{\sigma})$ and $71.3{\pm}6.8Ma$, $0.70506{\pm}18(2{\sigma})$, respectively. These results suggest that the granites magma originated from the lower crustal materials of igneous origin intruded into the area during the late Cretaceous period. Masan hornblende-biotite granite emplaced at the vicinity of the Goseong area is very similar to the Goseong granite in its mineral compositions, major, trace and rare earth element contents and patterns. The intruding age (100 Ma) of the Masan granite is order than that of the Geseong granite, however. The similarity of the geochemical natures but the contrast of the intruding ages between the Masan and Goseong granites possibly indicate that the magma generation from the same source materials occurred at a temporal interval of ca. 30 Ma.

• 암석학회지
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.1-19
• /
• 1994

화강암의 계열을 보다 확실하게 분류하기 위해 41 개의 대보와 불국사 화강암에 존재하는 Fe-Ti 산화광물을 조사하였다. Fe-Ti 산화광물의 조직과 모드비의 특징은 경상분지에 비해 옥천대의 불국사 화강암이 환원환경에서 결정화작용이 이루어졌고, 대보 화강암은 경상분지의 불국사 화강암에 비해 전반적으로 낮은 산소분압에서 형성되었음을 시사한다. 대보 화강암의 자철석은 거의 순수한 $Fe_3O_4$인 반면, 불국사 화강암의 것은 상당량의 Mn과 Ti 함걍을 갖는다. 이는 대보에 비해 불국사 화강암이 천부에 관입하여 급냉한 결과로 해석되고, 기존의 지질학적 증거와 조등룡과 권성택(1994)에의한 각섬석 지압계의 결과와 일치한다. 티탄철석의 성분은 대보와 불국사 화강암에서 차이를 보이지 않으며, 자철석과 공존하는 티탄철석이 공존하지 않는 것에 비해 $Fe_2O_3$ 함량이 많아 보다 강한 산화환경에서 형성되었음을 나타낸다. 온도-산소분압 그림에서 불국사 화강암의 시료는 Ni-NiO와 QFM 완충곡선 부근에 점시되나, 화강암질 마그마의 고상선 이상의 온도를 지시하는 것은 두 시료 뿐이다. 경기육괴, 옥천대와 영남육괴에 분포하는 대보와 불국사 화강암은 자철석계열과 티탄철석계열이 공존하나, 경상분지의 불국사 화강암은 모두 자철석계이다. 옥천대의 많은 화강암은 티탄철석계열로서 주변의 석탄 등 환원물질을 포함하는 암석과 관련이 있음을 시사하며, 유색광물에 따라 각섬석 흑운모 화강암$\longrightarrow$흑운모 화강암$\longrightarrow$복운모 화강암 순으로 티탄철석계열의 비율이 우세해진다. Ishihara et al. (1981)은 대자율을 측정하여 대부분의 대보 화강암이 티탄철석계열 (70% 이상) 이라고 하였으나, 이 연구의 결과는 자철석계열이 티탄철석계열에 비해 약간 우세 (56 : 44)하다.이와 같은 차이는 시료의 편중과 1981년 이후의 연대 측정으로 일부 화강암의 관입 시기가 새롭게 밝혀진 것에 주로 기인하지만, 그들에 의해 티탄철석계열로 분류된 약한 대자율의 화강암 중 일부는 자철석을 갖는다. 위와 같은 남한 중생대 화강암의 계열 분포는 화강암의 계열을 좌우하는 여러 요인 중에서 기반암에 의한 마그마의 오염 그리고/혹은 기원물질의 특성이 티탄철석 계열의 기원에 중요하였음을 시사한다.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.145-154
• /
• 1993

Gold-silver deposits in the Kwangyang-Seungju area are emplaced along $N4^{\circ}{\sim}10^{\circ}W$ to $N40^{\circ}{\sim}60^{\circ}W$ trending fissures and fault in Pre-cambrian Jirisan gneiss complex or Cretaceous diorite. Mineral constituents of the ore from above deposits are composed mainly of pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, magnetite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena and minor amount of electrum, tetrahedrite, miargyrite, stannite, covellite and goethite. The gangue minerals are predominantly quartz and calcite. Gold minerals consist mostly of electrum with a 56.19~79.24 wt% Au and closely associated with pyrite, chalcopyrite, miargyrite and galena. K-Ar analysis of the altered sericite from the Beonjeong mine yielded a date of $94.2{\pm}2.4\;Ma$ (Lee, 1992). This indicates a likely genetic tie between ore mineralization and intrusion of the middle Cretaceous diorite ($108{\pm}4\;Ma$). The ${\delta}^{34}S$ values ranged from +1.0 to 8.3‰ with an average of +4.4‰ suggest that the sulfur in the sulfides may be magmatic origin. The temperatures of mineralization by the sulfur isotopic composition with coexisting pyrite-galena and pyrite-chalcopyrite from Beonjeong and Jeungheung mines were $343^{\circ}C$ and $375^{\circ}C$ respectively. This temperature is in reasonable agreement with the homogenization temperature of primary fluid inclusion quartz ($330^{\circ}C$ to $390^{\circ}C$; Park.1989). Four samples of quartz from ore veins have ${\delta}^{18}O$ values of +6.9~+10.6‰ (mean=8.9‰) and three whole rock samples have ${\delta}^{18}O$ values of +7.4~+10.2‰ with an average of 7.4‰. These values are similar with those of the Cretaceous Bulgugsa granite in South Korea (mean=8.3‰; Kim et al. 1991). The calculated ${\delta}^{18}O_{water}$ in the ore-forming fluid using fractionation factors of Bulgugsa et al. (1973) range from -1.3 to -2.3‰. These values suggest that the fluid was dominated by progressive meteoric water inundation through mineralization.

• 암석학회지
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.142-160
• /
• 1996

한반도 남동부 경주시 일원에 분포하는 남산화강암체에서 산출되는 A-형 화강암에 대한 암석학 및 지화학적 특성에 대하여 고찰하였다. 남산화강암체는 북부의 하이퍼솔브스 알칼리장석화강암과 남부의 서브솔브스 알칼리장석화강암 및 흑운모화강암으로 구성된다. 이들 중 하이퍼솔브스 화강암은 정동구조를 나타내며, 특징적으로 퍼다이트 조직을 나타내는 알칼리장석, 석영과 이들 사이의 간극을 충진하고 있는 철이 풍부한 흑운모와 알칼리각섬석 및 형석으로 구성되며, 석영과 알칼리장석은 종종 미문상조직을 나타낸다.남산화강암체의 하이퍼솔브스화강암 및 서브솔브스호강암은 암석기재 또는 지화학적 특징을 볼 때, 각 I-형의 불국사회강암류와 구분된다. 즉 높은 $SiO_2$, $Na_2O$, $Na_2O+K_2O$, Rb, Nb, Y, Zr, Ga, Th, Ce, U 함량을 나타내며, $TiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, CaO, $P_2O_5$, MnO, MgO, Ba, Sr, Eu등은 낮은 함량을 나타낸다. 또한 높은 Ga/Al비를 나타내며, 희토류원소의 전체함량이 약 293-466 ppm 으로 분화가 상당히 많이 진행된 화강암의 조성을 보여주며, 희토류원소의 변화패톤도 특징적으로 심한 Eu'-'이상(Eu/$Eu^{\ast}$=0.03~0.05)을 나타내는 편평 백립암질 물질이, 맨틀로부터 새로운 열원의 공급에 의해, 고온에서 부분용융되어 만들어진 A-형 마그마로부터 유래하였을 가능성을 나타낸다.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.223-234
• /
• 1988

A large number of gold and/or silver-bearing quartz veins occur in or near Mesozoic granite batholith elongated in a NE-SW direction within the Chungcheong Province. Precambrian schists and gneisses, and Jurassic and Cretaceous granitic rocks serve as hosts for gold and/or silver deposits. On the basis of Ag/Au total production and ore grade ratio, 15 mines may be divided into three major groups: gold-dominant deposits, gold-silver deposits, and silver-dominant deposits. The chemical composition of electrum from skarn deposit (Geodo mine), alaskite-type deposit (Geumjeong mine) and 15 vein deposits was summarized. It was found that the Au content of electrum for vein deposits ranging from 5.2 to 86.5 is lower than that for skarn and alaskite deposits. Among 15 vein deposits, the composition of electrum associated with pyrrhotite is relatively high and has a narrow range of 40.8 to 86.5 atomic % Au, but the Au content of electrum with pyrite is in range of 5.2 to 82.8 atomic %, and is clearly lower than that with pyrrhotite. The grouping of ages for these mines indicates that gold and/or silver mineralizations occurred during two periods in the Mesozoic. Daebo igneous activities are restricted to gold mineralization in the range of 158 to 133 Ma, whereas Bulgugsa igneous activities are related to gold and/or silver mineralization ranging from 108 to 71 Ma. Generally speaking, Jurassic gold-dominant veins have many common characteristics; notably prominent association with pegmatites, simply massive vein morphology, high fineness in the ore concentrates, rarity of silver minerals, and a distinctively simple mineralogy, including sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and/or pyrite. Although individual deposits exhibit widely differing diversity, Cretaceous gold-silver and silver-dominant veins are characterized by features such as complex vein, low to medium fineness in the ore concentrates and abundance of silver minerals including Ag sulfosalts, Ag sulfides, Ag tellurides and native silver.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제19권spc호
• /
• pp.193-206
• /
• 1986

A number of auriferous veins occur in the Precambrian metamorphic terrain from Chungju to Mugeug district. These gold (-silver) deposits consist mainly of the fissure-filling quartz veins intruding the Precambrian gneiss or schist and Jurassic or Cretaceous granite. These gold (-silver) deposits can be 'divided into two mineralization epochs, (a) gold-rich veins related to Daebo igneous activity, and (b) gold-silver veins related to Bulgugsa igneous activity. These two groups of ore deposits with different generation can be characterized by the mode of occurrence of ore vein and the ore mineral associations. The auriferous quartz veins of Taechang and Boryeon mines associated with late Jurassic igneous activity are massive in character, and show the simple mineral assemblages and low Ag/Au ratio in the ores, representing a single mineralization system. The ore minerals are predominantly quartz containing minor or trace amonts of pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite and electrum. Electrum is closely associated with pyrrhotite and has chemical compositions from 61.4 to 78.5 atomic % Au. Fluid inclusion data suggest that ore minerals were deposited at temperatures between 238 and $390^{\circ}C$ from $CO_2$-rich fluids. The gold and/or silver-bearing quartz veins of Geumwang mine related to middle Cretaceous igneous activity are characterized by the multistage history, diverse mineral assemblages with high Ag/Au ratio in the ores. The ores of Geumwang mine have two contrasting mineral assemblages (1) pyrite+galena+sphalerite+arsenopyrite+electrum+argentite, representing the higher gold mineralization, and (2) pyrite+chalcopyrite+ galena +sphalerite+ arsenopyrite+silver sulfosalts+ electrum+ native silver+argentite, representing the higher silver mineralization. Electrum is closely associated with pyrite and has chemical compositions from 11.2 to 49.9 atomic % Au. The depositional environment during the higher gold mineralization can be estimated as the range of both temperature and sulfur fugacity, T= $200{\sim}300^{\circ}C$, log f ($S_2$) = $10^{-10}{\sim}10^{-15}$. The higher silver mineralization may be interpreted to have formed a range of falling temperature ($150{\sim}200^{\circ}C$) and low sulfur fugacity($10^{-10}{\sim}10^{-15}$). These temperature data are consistent with homogenization temperatures of fluId inclusions in quartz. Thus, the gold veins related to the Daebo igneous activity may be formed by the environment of higher temperature and pressure than the gold-silver veins associated with the Bulgugsa igneous activity.