• 한국재료학회지
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.451-456
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• 2004

Thermal creep properties of the zirconium tube which was developed for high burnup application were evaluated. The creep test of cladding tubes after various final heat treatment was carried out by the internal pressurization method in the temperature range from $350^{\circ}C to 400^{\circ}C$ and from 100 to 150 MPa in the hoop stress. Creep tests were lasted up to 900days, which showed the steady-state secondary creep rate. The creep resistance of zirconium claddings was higher than that of Zircaloy-4. Factors that affect creep resistance, such as final annealing temperature, applied stress and alloying element were discussed. Tin as an alloying element was more effective than niobium due to solute hardening effect of tin. In case of advanced claddings, the optimization of final heat treatment temperature as well as alloying element causes a great influence on the improvement of creep resistance.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.177-182
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• 2005

The steady state cyclic mechanism, and the behaviour of Nicoseal(Fe-29Ni-17Co) have been examined under the condition of square wave stress cyclic tension creep test at the temperature, stress and frequency range of $430{\sim}470^{\circ}C$($0.41{\sim}0.43T_m$), 353~383 MPa, and 3 cpm, respectively. Also, the relationship between cyclic creep and static creep have been examined. The stress exponents(n) for the static creep deformation of this alloy were 11.6, 10.0, 8.4 and 7.9 at the temperature of 430, 445, 460 and $470^{\circ}C$, respectively. The apparent activation energies (Q) for the static creep deformation were 54.2, 51.8, 49.7 and 46.8 kcal/mole for the stress of 353, 363, 373 and 383 MPa, From the above results, it could be considered that the cyclic creep accelaration phenomena was obtained and that the cyclic deformation for Nicoseal seemed to be controlled by dislocation climb over the range of experimental conditions. Nicoseal alloy under the cyclic creep conditions was obtained as P=(T+460)(logt+17). The failure plane observed by SEM showed up transgranular fracture at all range.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.191-199
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• 1993

In order to analysis creep characteristics and elastic recovery of the high-tech fibers for fishing gear materials, creep and elasticity tests were carried out on netting twines made of nylon, kevlar 29 and techmilon respectively. After creep tests, the rupture surface of raw materials was observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM). The results obtained are as follows: 1. Netting twines were arranged in order of creep rupture time as follow: techmilon, kevlar 29, nylon. The creep progressive pace was the fastest in techmilon. 2. In order of the creep elongating, netting twines were arranged as follows: nylon, techmilon, kevlar 29. 3. The rupture time T sub(r) decreased almost linearly with the increase of applied load L on the log-log scaled graph. The empirical equations computed for kevlar 29 and techmilon are as follows: T sub(r kevlar 29)=1.9512$\times$1037L super(-15.773). T sub(r techmilon)=2.7146$\times$1016L super(-6.831). 4. It was observed by SEM that creep was progressed in all netting twines. The difference of rupture morphology was recognized clearly in tensile and creep tests. 5. In order of the elastic recovery, netting twines were arranged as follows: techmilon, kevlar 29, nylon.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.72-76
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• 2021

Background: A pressure ulcer is common in soft tissue over the greater trochanter (GT) in side-lying position, and sustained tissue deformation induced by the prolonged external force is a primary cause, which can be discussed with soft tissues' viscoelastic properties (i.e., stress relaxation, creep response). Objects: Using an automated hand-held indentation device, we measured the viscoelastic properties of soft tissue over the hip area, in order to examine how the properties are affected by site with respect to the GT. Methods: Twenty participants (15 males and 5 females) who aged from 21 to 32 were participated. An automated hand-held indentation device was used to measure the stress relaxation time and creep response. Trials were acquired for three different locations with respect to the GT (i.e., right over the GT, 6 cm anterior or posterior to the GT). For each location, five trials were acquired and averaged for data analyses. Results: Soft tissues' stress relaxation time and creep response were associated with site (F = 23.98, p < 0.005; F = 24.09, p < 0.005; respectively). The stress relaxation time was greatest at posterior gluteal region (19.22 ± 2.49 ms), and followed by anterior region (15.39 ± 2.47 ms) and right over the GT (14.40 ± 3.18 ms). Similarly, creep response was greatest at posterior gluteal region (1.16 ± 0.14), and followed by anterior region (0.95 ± 0.14) and right over the GT (0.89 ± 0.18). Conclusion: Our results showed that the stress relaxation and creep were greatest at the posterior gluteal region and least at right over the GT, indicating that the gluteal soft tissue is more protective to the prolonged external force, when compared to the trochanteric soft tissue. The results suggest that a risk of pressure ulcer over the GT may decrease with slightly posteriorly rotated side-lying position.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2018

Microstructural development of ferritic 11Cr-3.45W heat-resistance steel for ultra-supercritical power plant during creep and thermal aging was investigated using electron microscopy. The test samples were isothermally aged at $700^{\circ}C$ for up to 4000 hours and subjected to creep loading at $700^{\circ}C$ for predetermined periods of lifetime to prepare the damaged materials. In this structural material, a various secondary phases are the primary influence on mechanical properties of ferritic heat-resistance steel. The typical precipitates of $M_{23}C_6$, MX and $M_2X$ secondary phases had been analyzed through qualitative and quantitative manner. Coarsening of precipitates and increase of lath width were observed during creep and thermal aging. This phenomenon was remarkable for creep process compared with isothermal aging process.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1998년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집(I)
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• pp.365-370
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• 1998

The creep strain of the compression zone of concrete beams subjected to cyclic loading should be a significant factor in increasing strain and deflections. An analytical model which is similar to a previous one is presented to predict the increase in cyclic creep strain and the damage using the properties of the constituent materials: concrete and steel. The analytical expressions are compared with our experimental data. The effect of concrete-creep is accounted by the term En, Icr,n, and Mcr,n. In this study, it is proved that cyclic creep exponents 'n' in Cyclic Creep Model, according to the parameters -strength, range of stress- have the various values. It is hoped that with the availability of more experimental data and better understanding of some of the complex behavior, the model could be further improved.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2008년도 추계학술대회A
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• pp.264-268
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• 2008

An assessment of creep-fatigue crack behavior is required to ensure the structural integrity for high temperature components such as fast breeder reactor structures or thermal power plant components operating at an elevated temperature. In this study, an evaluation of creep-fatigue crack growth has been carried out according to the French assessment guide of the RCC-MR A16 for austenitic stainless steel structures. The assessment procedures for creep-fatigue crack growth in the recent version of the A16 (2007 edition) have been changed considerably from the previous version (2002 edition) and the material properties (RCC-MR Appendix A3) have been changed as well. The impacts of those changes on creep-fatigue crack growth behavior are quantified from the assessments with a structural model. Finally the assessment results were compared with the observed images obtained from the structural tests of the same structural specimen.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.321-330
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• 2011

Long-term properties of concrete affect structures in many respects, not excepting dynamic behaviors. This paper investigates the influence of concrete creep on the dynamic behaviors of concrete filled steel tube (CFT) arch bridges, by means of combining the analytical method for the creep of axially compressed CFT members, which is based on Model B3 for concrete creep, with the finite element model of CFT arch bridges. By this approach, the changes of the stress and strain of each element in the bridge with time can be obtained and then transformed into damping and stiffness matrices in the dynamic equation involved in the finite element model at different times. A numerical example of a long-span half-through CFT arch bridge shows that creep influences the natural vibration characteristics and seismic responses of the bridge considerably, especially in the early age. In addition, parameter analysis demonstrates that concrete composition, compressive strength and steel ratio have an obvious effect on the seismic response of the CFT arch bridge.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1156-1161
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• 2004

The factors affecting the long-term design strength of geogrid for railroad reinforcement can be classified into factors on creep deformation, installation damage, temperature, chemical degradation, biological degradation. Especially, creep deformation and installation damage are considered as main factors to determine the long-term design strength of geogrid. This paper describes the results of a series of experimental study, which are carried out to assess the combined effect of installation damage and creep deformation for the long-term design strength of geogrid reinforcement. In this study, a series of field tests are carried out to assess installation damage of a various geogrids according to different fill materials, and then creep tests are conducted to assess the creep properties of both undamaged and damaged geogrids.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.20-26
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• 2009

The creep deformation behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy was examined in the temperature range from 573 to 673K (0.62 to 0.73 Tm) under various constant stresses covering low strain rate range from $4{\times}10^{-9}\;s^{-1}$ to $2{\times}10^{-2}\;s^{-1}$. At low stress level, the stress exponent for the steady-state creep rate was ~3 and the present results were in good agreement with the prediction of Takeuchi and Argon model. At high stress level, the stress exponent was ~5 and the present results were in good agreement with the prediction of Weertman model. The transition of deformation mechanism from solute drag creep to dislocation climb creep could be explained in terms of solute-atmospherebreakaway concept.