• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2015

Quantitative analysis of MR spectrum depending on mole concentration of the contrast media in cereberal metabolite phantom was performed. PRESS pulse sequence was used to obtain MR spectrum at 3.0T MRI system (Archieva, Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherland), and the phantom contains brain metabolites such as N-Acetyl Asparatate (NAA), Choline (Cho), Creatine (Cr) and Lactate (Lac). In this study, optimization of MRS PRESS pulse sequency depending on the concentration of contrast media (0, 0.1 and $0.3mmol/{\ell}$) was evaluated for various repetition time(TR; 1500, 1700 and 2000 ms). In control (cotrast-media-free) group, NAA and Cho signals were the highest at TR 2000 ms than at 1700 and 1500 ms. Cr had the highest peak signal at TR 1500 ms. When concentration of contrast media was $0.1mmol/{\ell}$, the metabolites were increased NAA 73%, Cho 249%, Cr 37% at TR 1700 ms compared with other TR, and also signal increased at $0.3mmol/{\ell}$, In $0.5mmol/{\ell}$ of contrast agent, cerebral metabolite peaks reduced, especially when TR 1500 ms and 2000 ms they decreased below those of control group. The ratio of metabolite peaks such as NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr decreased as the concentration of the contrast agent increased from 0.1 to $0.5mmol/{\ell}$. Authors found that the optimization of PRESS sequence for 0.3T MRS was as follows: low density of contrast agent ($0.1mmol/{\ell}$ and $0.3mmol/{\ell}$) made the highest signal intensity, while high density of contrast agent reveals the least reduction of signal intensity at 1700 ms. In conclusion, authors believe that it is helpful to reduce TR for acquiring maximum signal intensity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.282-290
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• 1997

Hepatocytes of Anguilla japonica have been prepared using a collagenase perfusion technique. The isolated cells attached efficiently to fibronectin-coated culture dishes and subsequently formed monolayers in serum-free medium. These cultures maintained in appropriate medium at least for 10 days with minimal cell loss. The effects of estradiol and pituitary hormones on vitellogenin (Vg) synthesis were examined in primary hepatocyte culture of the immature eels. In fish, as in other oviparous vertebrates, estrogen is a major inducer of Vg synthesis. However, $estradiol-17\beta(E_2)$ alone was insufficient to induce Vg synthesis in cultures of eel hepatocytes. Combination of $E_2$ with growth hormone (GH) and/or prolactin (PRL) markedly stimulated Vg synthesis. Even in cultures exposed to $E_2$ or precultured without hormones for 8 days, $E_2$ alone could not fully induce Vg synthesis. The synthesis of Vg was dramatically increased when hepatocytes were cultured in medium supplemented with $E_{2}+GH+PRL$ for 6 days. At this point, even though GH and/or PRL were eliminated from the medium, Vg synthesis was not influenced by these factors during culture of further 3 days. These results indicate that pituitary hormones, in particular GH and PRL, play important roles in the regulation of Vg synthesis in primary cultures of eel hepatocytes.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 1988

The effect of antioxidants on the myocardial cellular damage which occurs during reoxygenation of hypoxic myocardium was examined in isolated rat hearts. The roles of oxygen free radical and lipid peroxidation in reoxygenation injury of myocardium were also investigated. In Langenorff preparation of isolated rat heart, which was made hypoxic by perfusion with the substrate free, hypoxic cardioplegic solution ($37^{\circ}C$, 90 min), the release of cytosolic enzymes (creatine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase) and a lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde into the coronary effluent were abruptly increased by reoxygenation. The release of enzymes was closely parallel to that of MDA. These increases of enzymes and lipid peroxidation product were suppressed to various degrees in the presence of scavengers of superoxide anion (superoxide dismutase, 10,000 U), hydrogen peroxide (catalase, 25,000 U) and hydroxyl radical (dimethyl sulfoxide, 10%). A natural antioxidant, ${\alpha}-tocopherol$(4.5 uM) and a synthetic one, butylated hydroxytoluene (2 uM) suppressed the release of cytosolic enzymes with the concomittent reduction of lipid peroxidation as measured by malondialdehyde release into the coronary effluent. These effects of antioxidants were dose dependent, and were more pronounced when the antioxidants were administered throughout hypoxic and reoxygenation periods than given during reoxygenation period only. These results suggest that cytotoxic oxygen free radicals produced in the myocardium during reoxygenation may be responsible fur the myocardial cellular injury by enhancing the lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes. Furthermore, the antioxidants may exert protective effect against reoxygenation damage of hypoxic myocardium through the inhibition of lipid peroxidation reaction.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2011

Differentially Expressed Gene (DEG) was obtained from Differential Display Reverse Transcription (DDRT)-PCR using Annealing Control Primer (ACP) to search and clone genes related to developmental stages of Sebastes inermis. By using 120 ACPs, the nucleotide sequences obtained from 16 DEGs showing higher expression in 6-month-old skeletal muscle than 18-month-old ones and from 22 DEGs displaying stronger expression in 18-month-old than 6-month-old were analyzed and BLAST was conducted. The results identified that DEGs shared 69~95% homology with genes of parvalbumin (PVALB), nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK) B, tropomyosin (TPM), troponin I (TnI), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), muscle-type creatine kinase (CKM2), small EDRK-rich factor 2 (SERF2), adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD), Trimeric intracellular cation channel type A (TRICA), Rho GTPase-activating protein 15 (ARHGAP15), S-formylglutathione hydrolase (Esterase D; ESD), heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), type 1 collagen alpha 2 (COL1A2), glutathione S-transferase, Mid1-interacting protein 1 (Mid1lip1), myosin light chain 1 (MYL1), sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1B (SERCA1B), and ferritin heavy subunit (FTH1). Expression pattern by developmental stage of DEG14 and PVALB exhibiting strong expression in 6-month-old skeletal muscle was investigated using real time PCR. Expression was reduced as Sebastes inermis grew. Expression of PVALB gene was extremely low after 6 months of age. Expression of CKM2 showed higher expression in 18-month-old skeletal muscle than in 6-month-old muscles, and increased continuously until 4 years old, after which CKM2 expression became gradually reduced. By analysis of tissue-specific expression patterns of DEG, DEG14 was expressed mainly in skeletal muscle, liver, kidney and spleen tissues, whereas PVALB expression was expressed in skeletal muscle and kidney, but not in liver and spleen tissues. CKM2 was expressed in skeletal muscle, kidney, and spleen tissues, but not in liver tissues. PVALB gene was composed of 110 amino acids, which constituted 659 bp nucleotides. The results reported here demonstrate that the expression patterns of parvalbumin and CKM2 could be used as molecular markers for selecting fishes exhibiting fast growth.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.228-234
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• 2010

Purpose : Although intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment is an effective first-line treatment for Kawasaki disease, 10-20% of the patients develop persistent fever or coronary artery complications. Medical records of Kawasaki disease patients were reviewed to assess the characteristic laboratory findings of IVIG nonresponsiveness. Methods : We reviewed the clinical records of 118 children with Kawasaki disease who were treated at the Chonnam National University Hospital from March 2003 to February 2008. The laboratory findings of the IVIG-responder group (n=110) and the IVIG-nonresponder group (n=8) were compared at admission day and at 48 hours and 14 days after IVIG administration. Results : At admission, the level of creatine kinase (CK) was lower (P =0.03) and that of total protein was higher (P <0.01) in the nonresponders than in the responders. At 48 hours after IVIG administration, the white blood cell (WBC) count (P =0.04) and neutrophil% (P <0.01) was higher in the nonresponders than in the responders. The neutrophil% (P <0.01) and CK (P =0.01) level at admission was lower than that at 48 hours after IVIG administration in the responders; this decrease was not as apparent in the nonresponders. Conclusion : IVIG nonresponders have lower CK and higher total protein levels at admission and higher WBC count and neutrophil% at 48 hours after IVIG administration. The decrease in the neutrophil% and CK level between at admission and at 48 hours after IVIG administration is remarkably higher in responders than in nonresponders.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2008

Purpose : To present the T1 and T2 relaxation times of the major cerebral metabolites at 1.5T and 3.0T and compare those between 1.5T and 3.0T. Materials and Methods : Using the phantom containing N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), Choline (Cho), and Creatine (Cr) at both 1.5T and 3.0T MRI, the T1 relaxation times were calculated from the spectral data obtained with 5000 ms repetition time (TR), 20 ms echo time (TE), and 11 different mixing time (TM)s using STEAM (STimulated Echo-Acquisition Mode) method. The T2 relaxation times were obtained from the spectral data obtained with 3000 ms TR and 5 different TEs using PRESS (Point-RESolved Spectroscopy) method. The T1 and T2 relaxation times obtained at 1.5T were compared with those of 3.0T. Results : The T1 relaxation times of NAA were $2293\;{\pm}\;48\;ms$ at 1.5T and $2559\;{\pm}\;124\;ms$ at 3.0T (11.6% increase at 3.0T). The T1 relaxation times of Cho were $2540\;{\pm}\;57\;ms$ at 1.5T and $2644\;{\pm}\;76\;ms$ at 3.0T (4.1% increase at 3.0T). The T1 relaxation times of Cr were $2543\;{\pm}\;75\;ms$ at 1.5T and $2665\;{\pm}\;94\;ms$ at 3.0T (4.8% increase). The T2 relaxation times of NAA were $526\;{\pm}\;81\;ms$ at 1.5T and $468\;{\pm}\;74\;ms$ at 3.0T (11.0% decrease at 3.0T). The T2 relaxation times of Cho were $220\;{\pm}\;44ms$ at 1.5T and $182\;{\pm}\;35\;ms$ at 3.0T (17.3% decrease at 3.0T). The T2 relaxation times of Cr were $289\;{\pm}\;47\;ms$ at 1.5T and $275\;{\pm}\;57\;ms$ at 3.0T (4.8% decrease at 3.0T). Conclusion : The T1 relaxation times of the major cerebral metabolites (NAA, Cr, Cho), which were measured at the phantom, were 4.1%-11.6% longer at 3.0T than at 1.5T. The T2 relaxation times of them were 4.8%-17.3% shorter at 3.0T than at 1.5T. To optimize MR spectroscopy at 3.0T, TR should be lengthened and TE should be shortened.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.427-440
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• 1993

The paucity of donor hearts for transplantation can be remedied by distant heart procurement. Prolonging donor heart preservation is essential for successful clinical cardiac transplantation. Thirty-two isolated rat hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer solution for 15 minutes, arrested and preserved at 4 oC for 4 hours, and then reperfused for 25 minutes. The following three groups were prepared and hemodynamic changes, creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme levels and ultrastructural changes of the myocardium were analysed before and after cardiac arrest. ; Group I : the heart was arrested with the cardioplegic solution [Plegisol, potassium : 16 mM, sodium : 120 mM] and then stored in a solution with ionic compositions of the extracellular fluid [Hartman, potassium : 4 mM, sodium : 130 mM] ; Group II : the heart was arrested with the cardioplegic solution and stored in a solution with ionic compositions of the intracellular fluid [Modified Euro-Collins, potassium : 108 mM, sodium : 10 mM] ; Group III : the heart was arrested with the cardioplegic solution containing adenosine 20 uM, and then stored in a solution with ionic compositions of the intracellular fluid [Modified University of Wisconsin solution, potassium : 119 mM, sodium: 23 mM]. Left ventricular developed pressure at 20 minutes of the reperfusion was significantly higher in group III [64.3 $\pm$ 3.12 mmHg, p<0.01] and group II [58.3 $\pm$ 1.55 mmHg, p<0.05] as compared with group I [51.4$\pm$ 2.78 mmHg]. The time to induce cardiac arrest after infusion of cardioplegic solution with adenosine 20 uM [5.3 $\pm$ 0.30 second, p<0.005] was significantly shorter than without adenosine [10.6$\pm$ 0.55 second]. Coronary flow at 20 minutes of the reperfusion was augmented significantly in group III [9.6$\pm$ 0.50 ml/min, p<0.05, p<0.05] as compared with group I [8.0 $\pm$ 0.41 ml/min] and group II [8.1$\pm$ 0.51 ml/min]. Percentage recovery of left ventricular developed pressure at 20 minutes of the reperfusion was significantly higher in group III [94.6$\pm$ 2.51 %, p<0.005] as compared with group II and in group II [83.1 $\pm$ 1.22 %, p<0.005] as compared with group I [69.9 $\pm$ 1.73 %], and also percentage recovery of coronary flow at 20 minutes of the reperfusion was significantly higher in group III [82.3 $\pm$ 3.86 %, p<0.05] as compared with group II [71.4 $\pm$ 3.46 %] but there was no significant difference between group I and group II. Measured level of creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme at 15 minutes of the reperfusion was significantly lower in group III [1.23 $\pm$ 0.16 ng/ml, p<0.025] and group II [1.42$\pm$ 0.10 ng/ml, p<0.05] as compared with group I [1.79 0.14 ng/ml]. In the semiquantitative evaluation of the ultrastructural changes of the myocardium, mitochondrial score was lower in group III [0.7 $\pm$ 0.21] than in group I [3.1$\pm$ 0.28] and group II [1.7 $\pm$ 0.19], and also the other structural score was lower in group III [2.7$\pm$ 0.99] than in group I [7.9 $\pm$ 0.89] and group II [5.0 $\pm$ 1.22]. In conclusion, the solution with ionic compositions of the intracellular fluid is appropriate for prolonged cardiac preservation, and it appears to be better preserving method for distant procurement when the donor heart is rapidly arrested with cardioplegic solution containing adenosine 20 uM, and then stored with Modified University of Wisconsin solution.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.465-477
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• 2000

Purpose: Thallim-201 ($^{201}Tl$) brain SPECT and proton ($^1H$) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have been used to evaluate tumor grade and viability of glioma. We assessed the correlations between $^{201}Tl$ brain index or spectrum of metabolites of $^1H$ MRS and grade of glioma or histopathologic findings. Materials and Methods: We studied 17 patients (4 astrocytoma, 7 anaplastic astrocytoma and 6 glioblastoma). On $^{201}Tl$ Brain SPECT, $^{201}Tl$ index was measured as the ratio of average counts for region of interest to those for the contralateral normal brain. On $^1H$ MRS, we calculated choline (Cho) /creatine (Cr) ratio and N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/Cr ratio in ROI defined as tumor center. Histopathologic findings were graded by Ki-67 index, cellularity, mitosis, pleomorphism, necrosis and endothelial proliferation. An unpaired t test and statistical correlations were performed to evaluate these data. Results: Tl-index showed the best correlation with Ki-67 index (p<0.01), less correlations with cellularity, mitosis, and endothelial proliferation, but no correlation with results of MRS, pleomorphism, or necrosis. The findings of MRS did not correlate with all of the above. The cases of glioblastoma demonstrated a higher Tl-index, Cho/cr ratio, Ki-67 index and lower NAA/Cr ratio, albeit without statistical significance. Conclusion: Even though $^{201}Tl$ brain SPECT did not correlate directly with grade of malignancy, it may still be useful in determining biological aggressiveness of tumor and prognosis of patients because it correlated well with Ki-67 index, a growth fraction of glioma, cellularity, mitosis and endothelial proliferation.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.85-95
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• 1991

The investigation concerned an effect of the ground charcoal powder and organic acids on the digestibilities of protein and energy or the contents of uric acid, ammonia, creatine and urea in excreta of 113 week-old White Leghorn strain layers. Birds were fed basal (control) diet composed of mainly corn-soybean meal during a week of previous feeding and subsequent experimental diets during 12 weeks of experimental feeding . The experimental diets were the control diet(CON). diet(CPD) substituted 0.5% of the ground charcoal powder with the defatted rice bran of the CON, diet(PWV) added 0.1mM(based on the acetic acid) wood vinegar in the CPD and diet(PFA) added 0.1mM (based on the acetic acid) fermented acetic acid in the CPD. Birds fed CPD excreted significantly(P＜0.05) more fecal nitrogen(FN) and lower urinary nitrogen (UN) than those of birds fed CON. Digestibility of protein was lower significantly (P＜ 0.05) in CPB-fed bird than in bird fed CON. while birds fed CON. PWV and PFA showed similar values. Also urinary nitrogen per nitrogen intake (UN/NI) or absorbed nitrogen (UN/AN) was significantly (P＜0.05) lower in birds fed CPD compared with those in birds fed CON. And birds fed PWV tended to increase UN/NI and UN/AN, while PFA-fed birds excreted significantly (P＜0.05) higher UN/Nl and UN/Ah than those of birds fed CPD diet. The uric acid nitrogen (UAN) per nitrogen intake (UAN/NI) or absorbed nitrogen (UAN/AN) were lower significantly(P＜0.05) in CPD-fed birds and were tended to decrease in birds fed PWV compared with those in birds fed CON and PFA The ammoniacal nitrogen(AMN) per nitrogen intake (AMN/NI) or absorbed nitrogen (AMN/NI) was tended to increase in birds fed experimental diets and was increased significantly(P＜0.05) in birds fed PFA compared with those of birds fed CON. The excretion of creatine and urea nitrogen per nitrogen intake or absorbed nitrogen was shown similar values among birds fed experimental diets Digestibility of energy (DE/GE) was not shown any significant effect of experimental diet and were in the range of 80~84%. But metabolizability (ME/GE or MEn/GE) was increased in birds fed CPD and PWV and was decreased in birds fed PFA compared with those in birds fed CON. Although birds fed PWV showed significantly(P＜0.05) higher ME/GE than bird fed PFA, the MEn/GE were higher significantly (P＜0.05) in birds fed CON and CPD compared with that in birds fed PFA. Fecal energy affects 10~23% in the change of metabolizability though significant effect of fecal energy on the metabolizability were not found. But the effect of urinary energy on the metabolizability of diet was lowered as 2.3~3, 0% and the effect of experimental diets on the metabolizability of diets was due to change of urinary energy which also was originated from the change of uric acid energy.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.507-511
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• 1993

The effect of captafol on the hematological value, erythrocyte membrane and plasma biochemical value was investigated using blood of SPF Sprague-Dawley male rats in vitro. For the anticoagulations, we used 0.5mg of heparin per $10m{\ell}$ of blood from vena cava. Three con-centrations($0.1{\times}10^{-4}M$, $1{\times}10^{-3}M$ and $1{\times}10^{-2}M$) captafol in ethanol were added to the each $2.5m{\ell}$ blood so that the linal concentration of ethanol was 1%. The blood contained with each concentration of captafol was incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ C for 2 hours under 5% $CO_2$ gas The whole blood and plasma were examined for hematological vaJues, erythrocyte membrane damage and biochemical values, respectively. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The number of RBC in $1{\times}10^{-2}M$ group and the concentration of MCHC in $1{\times}10^{-3}M$ group were significantly (p<0.05) decreased and increased from that of control values, respectively. The percentage of Hct was significantly (p<0.05) decreased with dose-response. 2. Erythrocyte fragility rate of $1{\times}10^{-3}M$ and $1{\times}10^{-2}M$ group were significantly (p<0.01) increased from that control with dose response. 3. Potassium ion level of $1{\times}10^{-2}M$ was significantly (p<0.05) increased from that of control. 4. The concentration of total bilirubin in the $1{\times}10^{-3}M$ and $1{\times}10^{-2}M$ groups were significantly increased from that of control. The enzyme level of creatine kinase in $1{\times}10^{-2}M$ group was significanlty (p<0.05) decreased from control value.