• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.142-152
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• 2004

서로 다른 두 종류의 폴리스타일렌(PS)을 injection 기계를 이용하여 인장 시편을 만들고, 온도와 인장 속도에 따른 crazing 거동 특성을 연구하기 위하여 다양한 시험을 하였다. 기계적물성은 craze 형성뿐만 아니라 다양한 시험 변수에 의해 영향을 받으며, brittle-ductile transition 이하의 온도에서의 인장 응력 및 최대 신율은 분자량, 인장 속도의 증가 및 온도의 감소에 따라 증가하며 craze의 수와 평균 길이 또한 증가한다. Crazing 응력도 동일한 형태로 증가함을 보여준다. 그러나, 이러한 특성은 인장 강도에 미치는 영향과 비교했을 때 보다 의존도는 상대적으로 낮다. Craze 형성과 성장에 필요한 시간으로 설명할 수 있는 crazing 응력과 인장 응력간의 차이는 분자량, 인장 속도에 따라 비례적으로 그리고, 온도가 감소함에 따라 증가함을 보여 준다. Crazing 은 ${\beta}$-relaxation 온도 근처에서 활성화된다. 이 온도에서는 crazing 응력이 급격하게 감소함을 나타낸다. 인장 평가시 craze 밀도가 적용된 응력에 따라 기하 급수적으로 증가되는데, 개시 단계에서는 craze는 서서히 형성되며, 일단 일정한 수만큼의 craze가 형성이 되면 craze 밀도가 급속도로 증가했다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.390-394
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• 1989

The stored elastic strain energy due to the thermal expansion mismatch between the thermally oxidized crystalline layer (cristobalite) and CVD Si3N4($\alpha$-Si3N4) on cooling form high oxidation temperature (1000-140$0^{\circ}C$) to room temperature, releases through the crazing of film and lifting at the SiO2/Si3N4 interface. The ratial equation (1/n) which corresponds to the ratio of the relaxation of the stored elastic stain energy due to crazing of film to the total energy, is derived under the assumption of the square crazed pattern, as follow. 1/n={8${\gamma}$(1-v)2}/(ΔL2dE) The ratial equation suggests the reason for the lifting at the SiO2/Si3N4 interface which was observed in this research.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.385-395
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• 2022

Detecting cracks on a concrete structure is crucial for structural maintenance, a crack being an indicator of possible damage. Conventional crack detection methods which include visual inspection and non-destructive equipment, are typically limited to a small region and require time-consuming processes. Recently, to reduce the human intervention in the inspections, various researchers have sought computer vision-based crack analyses: One class is filter-based methods, which effectively transforms the image to detect crack edges. The other class is using deep-learning algorithms. For example, convolutional neural networks have shown high precision in identifying cracks in an image. However, when the objective is to classify not only the existence of crack but also the types of cracks, only a few studies have been reported, limiting their practical use. Thus, the presented study develops an image processing procedure that detects cracks and classifies crack types; whether the image contains a crazing-type, single crack, or multiple cracks. The properties and steps in the algorithm have been developed using field-obtained images. Subsequently, the algorithm is validated from additional 227 images obtained from an open database. For test datasets, the proposed algorithm showed accuracy of 92.8% in average. In summary, the developed algorithm can precisely classify crazing-type images, while some single crack images may misclassify into multiple cracks, yielding conservative results. As a result, the successful results of the presented study show potentials of using vision-based technologies for providing crack information with reduced human intervention.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2011

Environmental Stress Cracking(ESC) is one of the most common causes of unexpected brittle failure of thermoplastic polymers. The exposure of polymers to liquid chemicals tends to accelerate the crazing process, initiating crazes at stresses that are much lower than the stress causing crazing in air. In this study, ESC of acrylonitirile butadiene styrene(ABS) was investigated as a function of the molding conditions such as injection velocity, packing pressure, and melt temperature. A constant strain was applied to the injection molded specimens through a 1.26% strain jig and a mixture of toluene and isopropyl alcohol was used as the liquid chemical. In order to examine the effects of the molding conditions on ESC, an experimental design method was adopted and it was found that the injection velocity was the dominant factor. In addition, predictions from numerical analyses were compared with the experimental results. It was found that the residual stress in the injection molded part was associated with the environmental stress cracking resistance (ESCR).

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제47권7호
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• pp.934-938
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• 2015

This technical note provides some considerations for the metallographic observation of intergranular attack (IGA) in Alloy 600 steam generator tubes. The IGA region was crazed along the grain boundaries through a deformation by an applied stress. The direction and extent of the crazing depended on those of the applied stress. It was found that an IGA defect can be misevaluated as a stress corrosion crack. Therefore, special caution should be taken during the destructive examination of the pulled-out tubes from operating steam generators.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.354-362
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• 2003

The use of a petaloid design for the bottom of carbonated poly(ethylene terephthalate)(PET) bottles is widely spread. This study investigated the causes of bottom cracks. The tensile yield stress variations of PET according to the crystallinity and stretch ratio were examined, then the stretch ratio and strength in the bottom area of a blown bottle were analyzed. A crack test was also performed to observe the cracking phenomena. The distribution of the effective stress and maximum principal stress were both examined using computer simulation to seek the influence of the bottom design on crack. It was concluded that the bottom cracks occurred because of inadequate material strength due to the insufficient stretching of PET, plus the coarse design of a petaloid bottom. The stretch ratio at the bottom during bottle blowing should be higher than the strain hardening point of PET to produce enhanced mechanical strength. The cracks in the bottom of the PET bottles occurred through crazing below the yield stress. The maximum principal stress was higher in the valleys of the petaloid bottom than in the rest bottom area, and the maximum principal stress had a strong effect on the cracks.

• 한국복합재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국복합재료학회 1999년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.1.1-4
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• 1999

The toughening mechanism and fracture behavior of rubber/polymer composites were investigated with respect to two factors; (1) the composition ratio of polymers(PPO and PS which have a different chain flexibility) and (ii) the rubber particle size in PPO/PS blend system Izod impact test and fractographic observation of the fracture surface using scanning electron microscope were conducted, Finite element analysis were carried out to gain understanding of plastic deformation(shear yielding and crazing) of these materials.

• 멤브레인
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.11-21
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• 1998

The study on penetrant transport in glassy polymers has been actively pursued for decades because of its growing significance in polymer processing and related applications such as not only membranes, but corrosion protective coatings, microlithography, microelectronic fabrication, etc. In membranes application of polymeric materials, successful utilization requires understanding of how solvents penetrate, swell, and sometimes dissolve polymeric materials under various environmental conditions, as their permselecdve performance is significantly affected by it. The expose of polymer membranes to solvents may result in the structural failure due to mechanical softening, embrittlement or crazing.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제39권8호
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• pp.781-785
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• 2015

엔지니어링 플라스틱(Engineering Plastic ; EP)에 대한 내구성 평가를 위해 현재 새롭게 국내에서 개발한 초음파 피로시험법을 이용하여 EP 중에서도 결정화 속도가 빠르고 결정화도가 높은 범용 POM(Polyoxymethylene) 소재에 대한 초음파 가속피로시험 거동을 평가하고자 하였다. 이에 본 연구에서 사용된 POM 소재의 밀도는 $1.37g/cm^3$, 동탄성계수는 3.49 GPa 로 측정되었으며, 초음파피로시험 20kHz, 응력비 R= -1 의 판상시편 두께 (4t, 7t, 10t)에 따른 피로수명평가 결과 전체 응력진폭 5.0~6.0MPa 부위에서 피로한도를 확인하였다. 피로시험 후 파단 면을 관찰한 결과 7t, 10t 두께 시편의 크랙 시작위치에서 미소 공동들이 서로 연결된 형태의 잔금(crazing) 균열현상으로 파단된 dimple 구조형상을 전자현미경을 통해 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.144-152
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• 1963

브리스톨釉藥을 콘 5, 8, 11 番으로 燒成했을때 나타나는 狀態에 對한 組成變化와 粒度의 京鄕을 硏究하여, 밝은 半艶消 또는 艶消釉藥을 얻을 수 있었다. 卽 各 釉藥에 對한 熱成範圍, 曲强度 및 光澤, 平滑性, 乳白度, Eggshelling, 龜裂, Pinholing, Crawling 等에 對한 因子를 決定하므로서 얼마나, 珪酸, 알카리, 石灰를 變化시켜 實際 使用可能한 良好한 釉藥을 얻었다. 製造된 브리스톨釉藥은 最低 콘 5番부터 11번 또는 그 以上에서 긴 熟成範圍를 나타냈다. Crawling의 傾向에 있어서는 ZnO 量이 增加될때 特히 甚했으나, $Al_2O_4:\;SiO_2$의 比가 크고 ZnO 量이 많을때 乳白度가 顯著하였다. 釉藥의 粒子를 가늘게 하면 熱成이 잘되나 微粒이면 Crawling이 커진다. 釉藥두께를 增加해도 Crawling 傾向이 커진다.