• Development and Reproduction
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.73-79
• /
• 2001

Recently many studies have reported that total and bioavailable androgens reduced in male and female athletes and that physical exercise reduces the body weight and increases the reproductive abnormalities such as oligomenorrhea, anovulation, inadequate luteal phase, and delayed puberty in women by the inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis . In addition, high mileage endurance 겨nning, psychological stress, and military endurance training in men also reduce the secretion of reproductive hormones. To investigate the efffcts of physical endurance exercise on the secretion of reproductive hormones in men, androgenic hormones from adrenal glands and testis were measured in serum by the conventional radioimmunoassays after long-term (more than3 months), short-term (1 week), and acute (1${sim}$2 hours) physical exercises. Androgenic hormones from adrenal glands and testis such as total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (fT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and androstenedione (A) decreased after thesestrenuous endurance trainings, whereas ACTH, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfetes (DHEAS) increased. Conadotropins (LH and FSH) were not idluenced by the physical exercises. Based upon the present results, we assume that the decrease in adrenal and testicular androgens by physical endurance exercises might be associated with the reproductive abnormalities in athletes by unknown factor(s) in addition to the HPG axis disturbance.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.779-788
• /
• 2019

An experiment was conducted with 240 broiler chickens (ROSS 308) to evaluate the influence of supplementation of a probiotic feed mixture (PFM) including Bacillus subtillus, Streptomyces galilaeus, and Sphingobacteriaceae on growth performance and quality of chicken meats. Broiler chickens were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups: 1) CON (no PFM as control), 2) CP3 (0.3% commercial probiotics), 3) PFM3 (0.3% PFM), and 4) PFM5 (0.5% PFM 0.5). They were then reared for 35 days. Body weight was significantly increased in CP3, PFM3, and PFM5 compared to that in CON (p<0.05). In addition, PFM3 and PFM5 had higher body weights then CP3 (p<0.05). Weights of F-sac, thymus, and spleen and IgG levels were significantly higher in CP3, PFM3, and PFM5 than those in CON (p<0.05). In addition, they were higher in PFM3 and PFM5 than those in CP3 (p<0.05). Broiler chickens fed diet with PFM3, PFM5, and CP3 also had higher numbers of Lactobacillus in cecum than broiler chickens fed CON diet (p<0.05). However, their numbers of E. coli, Salmonella, coliforms, and total aerobic bacteria were significantly reduced (p<0.05). Water holding capacity of breast meat was significantly improved in PFM3 and PFM5 compared to that in CON and CP3 (p<0.05). These results suggest that dietary 0.3% probiotic feed mixture including Bacillus subtillus, Streptomyces galilaeus, and Sphingobacteriaceae may improve growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens.

• Journal of Distribution Research
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.63-92
• /
• 2012

This study investigated consumer intention to use a location-based mobile shopping service (LBMSS) that integrates cognitive and affective responses. Information relevancy was integrated into pleasure-arousal-dominance (PAD) emotional state model in the present study as a conceptual framework. The results of an online survey of 335 mobile phone users in the U.S. indicated the positive effects of arousal and information relevancy on pleasure. In addition, there was a significant relationship between pleasure and intention to use a LBMSS. However, the relationship between dominance and pleasure was not statistically significant. The results of the present study provides insight to retailers and marketers as to what factors they need to consider to implement location-based mobile shopping services to improve their business performance. Extended Abstract : Location aware technology has expanded the marketer's reach by reducing space and time between a consumer's receipt of advertising and purchase, offering real-time information and coupons to consumers in purchasing situations (Dickenger and Kleijnen, 2008; Malhotra and Malhotra, 2009). LBMSS increases the relevancy of SMS marketing by linking advertisements to a user's location (Bamba and Barnes, 2007; Malhotra and Malhotra, 2009). This study investigated consumer intention to use a location-based mobile shopping service (LBMSS) that integrates cognitive and affective response. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship among information relevancy and affective variables and their effects on intention to use LBMSS. Thus, information relevancy was integrated into pleasure-arousal-dominance (PAD) model and generated the following hypotheses. Hypothesis 1. There will be a positive influence of arousal concerning LBMSS on pleasure in regard to LBMSS. Hypothesis 2. There will be a positive influence of dominance in LBMSS on pleasure in regard to LBMSS. Hypothesis 3. There will be a positive influence of information relevancy on pleasure in regard to LBMSS. Hypothesis 4. There will be a positive influence of pleasure about LBMSS on intention to use LBMSS. E-mail invitations were sent out to a randomly selected sample of three thousand consumers who are older than 18 years old and mobile phone owners, acquired from an independent marketing research company. An online survey technique was employed utilizing Dillman's (2000) online survey method and follow-ups. A total of 335 valid responses were used for the data analysis in the present study. Before the respondents answer any of the questions, they were told to read a document describing LBMSS. The document included definitions and examples of LBMSS provided by various service providers. After that, they were exposed to a scenario describing the participant as taking a saturday shopping trip to a mall and then receiving a short message from the mall. The short message included new product information and coupons for same day use at participating stores. They then completed a questionnaire containing various questions. To assess arousal, dominance, and pleasure, we adapted and modified scales used in the previous studies in the context of location-based mobile shopping service, each of the five items from Mehrabian and Russell (1974). A total of 15 items were measured on a seven-point bipolar scale. To measure information relevancy, four items were borrowed from Mason et al. (1995). Intention to use LBMSS was captured using two items developed by Blackwell, and Miniard (1995) and one items developed by the authors. Data analyses were conducted using SPSS 19.0 and LISREL 8.72. A total of usable 335 data were obtained after deleting the incomplete responses, which results in a response rate of 11.20%. A little over half of the respondents were male (53.9%) and approximately 60% of respondents were married (57.4%). The mean age of the sample was 29.44 years with a range from 19 to 60 years. In terms of the ethnicity there were European Americans (54.5%), Hispanic American (5.3%), African-American (3.6%), and Asian American (2.9%), respectively. The respondents were highly educated; close to 62.5% of participants in the study reported holding a college degree or its equivalent and 14.5% of the participants had graduate degree. The sample represents all income categories: less than $24,999 (10.8%), $25,000-$49,999 (28.34%), $50,000-$74,999 (13.8%), and $75,000 or more (10.23%). The respondents of the study indicated that they were employed in many occupations. Responses came from all 42 states in the U.S. To identify the dimensions of research constructs, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) using a varimax rotation was conducted. As indicated in table 1, these dimensions: arousal, dominance, relevancy, pleasure, and intention to use, suggested by the EFA, explained 82.29% of the total variance with factor loadings ranged from .74 to .89. As a next step, CFA was conducted to validate the dimensions that were identified from the exploratory factor analysis and to further refine the scale. Table 1 exhibits the results of measurement model analysis and revealed a chi-square of 202.13 with degree-of-freedom of 89 (p =.002), GFI of .93, AGFI = .89, CFI of .99, NFI of .98, which indicates of the evidence of a good model fit to the data (Bagozzi and Yi, 1998; Hair et al., 1998). As table 1 shows, reliability was estimated with Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability (CR) for all multi-item scales. All the values met evidence of satisfactory reliability in multi-item measure for alpha (>.91) and CR (>.80). In addition, we tested the convergent validity of the measure using average variance extracted (AVE) by following recommendations from Fornell and Larcker (1981). The AVE values for the model constructs ranged from .74 through .85, which are higher than the threshold suggested by Fornell and Larcker (1981). To examine discriminant validity of the measure, we again followed the recommendations from Fornell and Larcker (1981). The shared variances between constructs were smaller than the AVE of the research constructs and confirm discriminant validity of the measure. The causal model testing was conducted using LISREL 8.72 with a maximum-likelihood estimation method. Table 2 shows the results of the hypotheses testing. The results for the conceptual model revealed good overall fit for the proposed model. Chi-square was 342.00 (df = 92, p =.000), NFI was .97, NNFI was .97, GFI was .89, AGFI was .83, and RMSEA was .08. All paths in the proposed model received significant statistical support except H2. The paths from arousal to pleasure (H1: ${\ss}$=.70; t = 11.44), from information relevancy to intention to use (H3 ${\ss}$ =.12; t = 2.36), from information relevancy to pleasure (H4 ${\ss}$ =.15; t = 2.86), and pleasure to intention to use (H5: ${\ss}$=.54; t = 9.05) were significant. However, the path from dominance to pleasure was not supported. This study investigated consumer intention to use a location-based mobile shopping service (LBMSS) that integrates cognitive and affective responses. Information relevancy was integrated into pleasure-arousal-dominance (PAD) emotional state model as a conceptual framework. The results of the present study support previous studies indicating that emotional responses as well as cognitive responses have a strong impact on accepting new technology. The findings of this study suggest potential marketing strategies to mobile service developers and retailers who are considering the implementation of LBMSS. It would be rewarding to develop location-based mobile services that integrate information relevancy and which cause positive emotional responses.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.268-274
• /
• 2010

The properties of upland soils are much more dependent upon topography than those of paddy soils, and they give us very useful information to manage the upland fields. Therefore, we investigated the selected physical and chemical properties of upland soils at 84 and 150 topographic sampling sites, respectively. The topographic sites included 34.7% of local valley and fans, 18.7% of hilly and mountains, 20.0% of mountain foot slopes, 14.0% of alluvial plains, 8.0% of diluvium, and 4.6% of fluvio-marine deposits. Based on the investigation, soil textures in Jeonbuk upland fields were mostly sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, and clay soils, especially sandy clay loam soils were evenly distributed in all of the topographic sites. Soil slopes in the sites ranged from 0 to 15%, which showed an optimal condition for farm land. Soil bulk density and compaction values were from 1.19 to 1.24 g $cm^{-3}$ and from 12.1 to 13.9 mm, respectively. As comparing with the optimal conditions of soil chemical properties for upland soils proposed by National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Korea, 37%, 42.7%, 93.0% of the sites were within optimum levels with soil pH, content of soil organic matter, and electrical conductivity, respectively. However, 64.0%, 47.3%, 48.7%, and 42.7% of the upland soils contained excess levels of exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg, and available phosphorus, respectively. In addition, the contents of heavy metals, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn, in the Jeonbuk upland soils were much less than threshold levels.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.265-277
• /
• 2000

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate characteristics for removing ammonia-nitrogens by electrolysis methods. A stainless steel plate is used as the cathode and either $IrO_2{\backslash}Ti$ plate serves as the anode. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of the operating conditions, such as the current density, retention time, electrode gap, $Cl^-/NH_4{^+}-N$ on the $NH_4{^+}-N$ removal efficiency. Possible optimum range for these operating variables are experimentally determined. The $NH_4{^+}-N$ removal efficiencies between plate type anode and net type anode were about same effect, but electrolytic power using net type anode is low than plate type anode. The $Cl^-/NH_4{^+}-N$ ratio was about $20.0kgCl^-/kgNH_4{^+}-N$ when $NH_4{^+}-N$ removal obtained 73 %, $Cl^-/NH_4{^+}-N$ ratio needs $27.6kgCl^-/kgNH_4{^+}-N$ so as to $NH_4{^+}-N$ completely remove. The removal efficiency of $NH_4{^+}-N$ increase with current density, retention time and $Cl^-/NH_4{^+}-N$ ratio, but decreased with increasing electrode gap. The relationship of operating conditions and $NH_4{^+}-N$ removal efficiencies are $$NH_4{^+}-N_{re}(%)=14.5364(Current\;density)^{0.7093}{\times}(HRT)^{1.0060}{\times}(Gap)^{-0.9926}{\times}(Cl^-/NH_4{^+}-N)^{1.0024}$$ With adding COD or/and alkalinity, relationships are $$NH_4{^+}-N_{re}(%)=9.8408(Current\;density)^{0.6232}{\times}(HRT)^{1.0534}$$ There existed a competition between the removals for $NH_4{^+}-N$ and $COD_{Cr}$ during electrolysis, the removal of $NH_4{^+}-N$ was shown to be dominant. $NH_4{^+}-N$ removal was high as addition of glucose and alkalinity.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.321-325
• /
• 2002

For examination, amaranth was first dried its surface after sufficient soaking in water. Dried amaranth was roasted when the moisture contents reached 30∼50%, its nasty smell disappeared and its color turned to yellow and it was puffed. Pretreated amaranth was added to biscuit for the improvement of apparence and merchandise value. The maximum expansion was reported at the moisture percentage of 130∼160% according to the examination of expansion and moisture percentage. In order to compare gelatinization of different processing, three different amaranth were prepared as follows ; Raw amaranth, steamed/dried amaranth, and roasted amaranth. The degree of gelatinization was increased as the percentage of moisture was increased and the degree of gelatinization of roasted amaranth was higher than the one of steamed/dried amaranth, their moisture contents were 62.10% and 57.59%, respectively In addition, the hardness($\times$10$\^$5/dyn/㎠) of roasted amaranth was showed lower values than that of steamed amaranth and raw amaranth were showed the large values. After examining biscuits containing each amaranth, raw amaranth had problem with nasty smell and bad texture, and streamed/dried amaranth were able to remove viscosity but turned brown. Biscuits containing roasted amaranth had good smell and texture, and besides the color of biscuits became bright because roasted amaranth turned white. Biscuits tasted best when it contained 5% of roasted amaranth. The rancidity of biscuits with 5% roasted amaranth were proceeded slowly while roasted amaranth itself had high acid value and peroxide value. For the safety from oxidation, it was fairly safe for about 6 months.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.255-279
• /
• 2014

It is not too much to say that smartphones have become an essential part of our lives due to their versatility. Nevertheless, they still have less overall capabilities than their desktop counterparts. Specifically, they have small screens and low resolutions, which make their applications difficult to have a usable interface. To account for these limitations, the interface of smartphone applications should be designed carefully and properly. Good interface design to any application is critical. However, a comprehensive information systems (IS) literature review found that there has been little research on the user interface design of smartphone applications. More specifically, there has been little empirical evidence and understanding about how metaphors, an imaginative way of describing objects and concepts, in the user interface of smartphone applications affect users' intention to use the applications. Thereby, the research goals of this study are to examine 1) the effects of the metaphors in the user interface of smartphone applications on the interaction between users and applications and 2) the effects of mediating variables including the interaction between users and applications, users' beliefs and attitudes, on users' intention to use the applications. A survey was conducted to collect data. University students and practitioners participated in the survey. A 24-item questionnaire was developed on a 5-point Likert-type scale. The measurement items were mostly adapted from the previous studies in the IS literature and modified to fit the context of this study. First, a principal component factor analysis was performed to explore the inter-relationships among a set of variables. The analysis showed that most of the items loaded quite strongly on the six components. The analysis also revealed the six components with eigenvalues exceeding 1, explaining a total of 70.7 per cent of the variance. The reliabilities of the items were also checked. Most Cronbach alpha values were above 0.8, so the scales were considered reliable. In sum, the results of the analysis support the decision to retain the six factors for further investigation. Next, the structural model was analyzed with AMOS structural equation modeling. The values of GFI, AGFI, NFI, TLI, CFI, and RMSEA were checked. The values showed that the research model considerably have a good fit in general. Next, the convergent and discriminant validities of all constructs were examined. The values for the standardized regression weights and critical ration (CR) indicated sufficient convergent validity for all constructs. In addition, the square root of the average variance extracted (AVE) of each construct was compared with its correlations with all other constructs. The results supported discriminant validity for all constructs. In sum, the results of analysis demonstrated adequate convergent and discriminant validities for all constructs. Finally, path coefficients between the variables were examined. Methphor was found to have an impact on interaction (${\beta}$ = .457, p = .000). There were also significant effects of the interaction on perceived usefulness (${\beta}$ = .273, p = .000) and ease of use (${\beta}$ = .405, p = .000). User attitude was significantly influenced by these two beliefs, perceived usefulness (${\beta}$ = .386, p = .000) and ease of use (${\beta}$ = .347, p = .000) respectively. Further, the results of analysis found that users' intention to use smartphone applications was significantly influenced by user attitude (${\beta}$ = .567, p = .000). Based upon the analyses, all hypotheses were supported. This study found that the metaphors used in the interface of smartphone applications affect not only the interaction between users and applications, but also users' intention to use the applications through the mediating variables, perceived usefulness and ease of use. These findings imply that if the metaphors used in the user interface of application are easy enough to understand for smartphone users, then the application can be perceived useful and easy to use, which in turn make users to have an intention to use the application. In conclusion, this study contributed not only to validate and extend Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) partially, but also to develop the construct of metaphor in smartphone settings. However, since a single empirical study cannot be enough to validate the findings, some limitations should be considered.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.97-104
• /
• 1987

From January 1970 through December 1984, 15 patients with sinonasal Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma combined to the head and neck were treated by external irradiation.13 patients were stage It and 2 were stage IIE by Ann Arbor Classification. However, when using TNM system, 7 were locally advanced T3, T4 lesions. All patients had follow up from 3.7 to 16 years with the median follow-up of 8.5 years. The overall actuarial 5-year survival rates were $25\%,\;28\%$ for IE and $0\%$ for IIE. Total tumor dose varied from 40 to 68 Gy. $100\%$ complete response with a total tumor dose of more than 55 Gy and $73\%$ complete response with less than 55Gy. When the disease was staged using the TNM (AJC) system, the five-year disease free survival for T1 and T2 patients was $50\%$ as compared with $14\%$ for T3 and T4. Failure rate by stage was $33\%(2/6)$ for T1 and T2, $86\%(6/7)$ for T3 and T4, and $100\%$(2/2) for IIE. The results suggest that 1. Higher CR could be obtained with a total tuner dose of more than 55 Gy. 2. Use of TNM staging system is as important as Ann arbor in management of sinonasal NHL. 3. The addition of combination chemotherapy should be considered for T3, T4 and IIE the sinonasal Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma although the disease is limited to head and neck.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.241-249
• /
• 2013

This study was aimed to provide the fundamental data about oxidized hair color products. For this reason, we collected 125 oxidized hair color products, which were distributed in domestic market from January to October, 2012, and measured the heavy metal concentrations of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper in the samples. Results were compared by domestic, foreign, henna, type and color. The average metal concentrations were as follows; 0.211 ${\mu}g/g$ for lead, 0.008 ${\mu}g/g$ for cadmium, 0.051 ${\mu}g/g$ for arsenic, 0.954 ${\mu}g/g$ for chromium, 6.250 ${\mu}g/g$ for manganese, 0.591 ${\mu}g/g$ for nickel and 0.544 ${\mu}g/g$ for copper. In case of lead and arsenic, the concentrations were much less than the regulated amount (20 ${\mu}g/g$ and 10 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively) suggested by MFDS (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety). In henna (p < 0.05), the concentrations were significantly higher than those of other domestic and foreign oxidized hair color products as follows; 1.264 ${\mu}g/g$ for lead, 0.267 ${\mu}g/g$ for arsenic, 0.025 ${\mu}g/g$ for cadmium, 4.055 ${\mu}g/g$ for chromium, 72.044 ${\mu}g/g$ for manganese, 3.076 ${\mu}g/g$ for nickel and 4.640 ${\mu}g/g$ for copper. Statistically, it showed that the heavy metal concentrations were quite different for the different types of hair color products. The cream and liquid type products had the highest average concentration in chromium (0.708 ${\mu}g/g$, 0.478 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively). On the other hand, powder type products showed the highest concentration in manganese (60.041 ${\mu}g/g$). In addition, the concentrations of heavy metals and the color of products are not quite correlated. It was shown that average concentrations of lead and chromium were higher for yellow, chromium for red and pink, manganese for brown and black, and nickel for green.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.717-722
• /
• 2010

The safety of animal feed was evaluated by analyzing the levels of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, As, Se and Ag) in cattle, swine, and poultry feeds and the levels of Cu, Zn and P in swine feed. Feeds used in the analysis were produced in Korea from 2004 through the first half of 2007. The results of the study revealed that, with the exception of Cd, the concentration of heavy metals were much lower than the Minimum Regulation Levels (MRLs). However, the Cd concentration exceeded the MRL in 1 of 987 swine feed samples in 2005, as well as in 4 of 1,239 swine feed samples and 1 of 778 poultry feed samples in 2006. The levels of Cu, Zn and P in swine feed were compared with the swine breeding standard. The results of this analysis revealed that the Cu concentrations in the samples exceeded the MRL for growing pigs by 0.97%, and that for finishing and breeding pigs by 9.9%. In addition, the Cu levels (80.98 ppm for piglet, 44.82 ppm for growing pigs, 19 ppm for finishing and breeding pigs) in swine feed showed higher levels compared to 3.5-6.0 ppm, which is the Cu requirement for swine. Furthermore, the results of the Zn analysis revealed that the samples exceeded the MRL for piglets, growing pigs, and finishing and breeding pigs by 5.7%, 7.7%, and 9.3%, respectively. Finally, the average concentration of P in swine feed was 0.74%, which is almost the same as the phosphate requirement for swine.