• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.82-89
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• 2002

In order to clarify hot cracking phenomena occurred in Inconel 690 welds and it's prevention, in this study, the cracking behavior and the influence of welding variables on cracking in Inconel 690 overlay welds on Mn-Ni-Cr-Mo steel(SA 508 cl.3) for pressure vessel were investigated by using mock-up test. The main results are as follows: The cracks in Inconel 690 overlay welds were mainly generated near the start and the end part of welding beads adjacent to STS 309L welded outside of Inconel 690 welds. Most of the cracks showed typical solidification crack, and also it was assumed that there was possibility of liquation cracking in HAZ. The existence of Nb constituents or concentration of Nb was recognized on the fracture facets of the solidification cracks in the welds by SMAW. Therefore Nb was considered to be the main factor of the solidification cracking. As the weld heat input was more increased and the weld bead length was longer, the extent of cracking was more increased. Moreover the extent of cracking was considerably decreased by changing of welding sequence to the start and the end part of welds. Hot cracking in welds by GTAW was considerably decreased as compared with that of SMAW. And cracks were well generated in the Inconel 690 overlay welds adjacent to 575 309L welds. This means that the hot cracking susceptibility of Inconel 690 welds was largely varied by chemical components and/or compositions of filter metals, base metals and neighboring welds.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.149-154
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• 2002

실제 사용 온도 보다 높은 $630^{\circ}C$에서 열처리 시간을 변수로 하여 최대 1000 시간 동안 등온 열처리를 통해 2.25Cr-1Mo 강의 경년열화재를 제작하고 열화에 따른 미세조직과 기계적 특성 변화에 대한 초음파 비파괴평가 법으로 표면 특성평가에 우수한 표면 SH파를 적용하였다. 열화에 따른 초음파의 감쇠와 전파시간 및 웨이블렛을 이용한 음속과 감쇠계수의 주파수 의존성평가를 수행한 결과 열화가 진행됨에 따라서 탄화물은 점차 조대화되고 경도는 감소하였다. 감쇠계수는 열화시간이 증가함에 따라서 증가하였고 전파시간 역시 열화의 초기단계에 급격히 증가했다. 초음파의 감쇠와 경도와는 좋은 상관관계를 나타내어 감쇠계수는 경년열화 평가에 중요한 파라미터임을 알 수 있었다.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.247-255
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• 2005

Although heat treatment is a process of great technological importance in order to obtain desired mechanical properties such as hardness, the process was required a tedious and expensive experimentation to specify the process parameters. Consequently, the availability of reliable and efficient numerical simulation program would enable easy specification of process parameters to achieve desired microstructure and mechanical properties without defects like crack and distortion. In present work, the developed numerical simulation program could predict distributions of microstructure and thermal stress in steels under different cooling conditions. The computer program is based on the finite difference method for temperature analysis and microstructural changes and the finite element method for thermal stress analysis. Multi-phase decomposition model was used for description of diffusional austenite decompositions in low alloy steels during cooling after austenitization. The model predicts the progress of ferrite, pearlite, and bainite transformations simultaneously during quenching and estimates the amount of martensite also by using Koistinen and Marburger equation. To verify the developed program, the calculated results are compared with experimental ones of casting product. Based on these results, newly designed heat treatment process is proposed and it was proved to be effective for industry.

• 기계저널
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 1990

(1) Cr-Mo-V 합금강 로우터재료는 사용도중 템퍼 취화된다. 템퍼취화된 소재는 취성제거처리 혹 은 재열처리를 하여 취성을 감소시킬 수 있다. (2) 축의 신뢰도를 파괴역학 원리를 적용하여 계산하였으며 템퍼 취화된 소재는 파손 위험성이 있으나 열처리 된 소재는 취성파괴 및 고 사이클 하중에 의한 피로균열 성장에 대해서 안전성 이 충분하다는 결론을 얻을 수 있다. (3) 샬피 V-노치 충격치 (CVN)와 파괴인성치(K$_{tc}$ )의 관계식을 취성재료에도 적용할 수 있 는가의 여부에 대해서는 많은 조사가 필요하다. (4) 취성소재의 피로균열 개시값$\Delta$ $K_{th}$을 알고 있으면 취송소재로 제조된 구조물의 파괴역학적인 해석을 하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다.

• 약학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.577-580
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• 1993

The trace elements in liver, kidney and testicle of rats were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer(ICP-MS). Ten elements(Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd, Pb, Bi, Th, U) were determined simultaneously and the detection limit of each elements was lower than ppb level.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.1555-1559
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• 2008

$5{\sim}150{\mu}m$의 오스테나이트계 304(Fe-18%Cr-12%Ni) 및 316L(Fe-18%Cr-13%Ni-2.4%Mo)미립 분말을 사용하여 소결 특성을 평가한 결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다 (1) 3.6ks의 소결 시간으로는 어느 경우에 있어서나 소결조건에 관계없이 소결체의 상대밀도는 $95{\sim}98%$에서 포화하여 완전 치밀화된 소결체를 얻을 수 없었다. (2) $5{\mu}m$분말을 진공소결 하였을 경우, ts=57.6ks에서 거의 완전 치밀화된 소결체가 얻어졌다. (3) 소결 분위기에 상관없이 304 및 316L소결체에는 $0.5{\sim}0.6%$정도의 산소가 잔류하였다. (4) 진공 소결의 경우, 탄소분 첨가에 의해 소결체의 잔류 산소량은 무첨가 소결체에 비하여 0.375이상 감소하였고, 조직적으로도 산화물은 거의 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 탄소 첨가는 소결체의 밀도 향상 효과로 작용하여 목적하는 완전 치밀화된 고성능 소결체를 제조하는 것이 가능하게 되었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.1841-1846
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• 2000

To examine the effect of acid fog on the corrosion fatigue behavior in structural steel, fatigue tests under acid fog atmosphere were carried out in comparison with distilled water. The corrosive c omponents contained in acid fog pile up the corrosion products on crack face and show a crack branching and crack tip blunting. Therefore, due to these workings crack growth rate was reduced by decreasing the effective stress range in crack tip rather than under distilled water. Also the effect of sulfuric acid, which is the main component of acid fog, and testing speed on fatigue crack growth were examined. It was found that corrosion behavior was remarkably dependent upon pH and Hz rather than components of acid fog. According as pH and testing speed decrease below a specific value, crack growth was accelerated in comparison with distilled water. This reveals that due to liquid having strong acidity and slow speed of test the crack face dissolution was promoted, so crack closure was disturbed in the process of stress descent.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1988

In this study the improvement of mechanical properties of ion-nitrided SACM-1 steel was investigated by analysing microstructural developments and hardness increase in the nitrided surface layer. Specimens were quenched at $570^{\circ}C$, which is lower than the eutectoid temperature ($590^{\circ}C$) of Fe-N binary system after nitrided at temperature of $460-570^{\circ}C$ for 2-8 hours under constant pressure of 8 torr. The depths of diffusion and compound layers were appeared to proportional to the root mean square time of nitriding. And the hardness showed the maximun value Hv = 1200 for the specimen nitrided at $530^{\circ}C$. Hardness distribution of the. ion-nitrided steels were increased by diffusion treatment below the eutectoid temperature of the Fe-N binary system. A prolonged heat treatment below the eutectoid temperature was attributed to the increase in the depth of diffusion layer at the expense of the decrease in surface hardness of the ion nitreded steel.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.99-99
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• 2002

In order to evaluate the proper fracture strength of microstructures in a steel weldment, smaller size loading ball than used for a conventional small punch(CSP) testing is required due to regional limitation on constitutive structures. In this study, the minimized loading ball(φ 1.5mm) and bore diameter of lower die(φ 3mm) were designed for an advanced small punch(ASP) test. The results obtained from the ASP test were compared with those from a CSP testing for a X20CrMoV121 steel weldment. It was found that the ASP test clearly showed the microstructural dependance on fracture strength and ductile-brittle transition behavior of the weldment. In the ASP test, especially, the cracks tend to initiate for various directions within hemispherical indentation region of an objective structure in SP test. This indicates that the evaluation of more proper fracture strength for F.L+CGHAZ, FGHAZ and ICHAZ can be performed by means of the ASP test in a steel weldment.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.823-829
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• 2002

In order to evaluate the proper fracture strength of microstructures in a steel weldment, smaller size loading ball than used for a conventional small punch(CSP) testing is required due to regional limitation on constitutive structures. In this study, the minimized loading ball(${\varphi}1.5mm$) and bore diameter of lower die(${\varphi}3mm$) were designed for an advanced small punch(ASP) test. The results obtained from the ASP test were compared with those from a CSP testing for a X20CrMoV121 steel weldment. It was found that the ASP test clearly showed the microstructural dependance on fracture strength and ductile-brittle transition behavior of the weldment. In the ASP test, especially, the cracks tend to initiate for various directions within hemispherical indentation region of an objective structure in SP test. This indicates that the evaluation of more proper fracture strength for F.L+CGHAZ, FGHAZ and ICHAZ can be performed by means of the ASP test in a steel weldment.