• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.227-230
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• 2001

To know and apply the factors affecting calf's gender may increase our competitiveness of Hanwoo industry. Thus, this study was carried out to analyse the effect of expected factors on calf's gender and to make an alternative idea for desired calf's gender. Gender of calves born by AI was not affected by AI year and cow parity, but significantly affected by sire and farm. Therefore, to obtain calves' gender that we want, both selecting optimum sire for AI and providing optimum feeding environment for cow should be required.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.11 no.sup1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

Previous infant feeding guidelines recommended a delayed introduction of solids to beyond 6 months of age to prevent atopic diseases. However, scientific evidence supporting a delayed introduction of solids for prevention of atopic diseases is scarce and inconsistent. Current evidence does not support a major role for maternal dietary restrictions during pregnancy or lactation in the prevention of atopic disease. In studies of infants at high risk of developing atopic disease, there is evidence that exclusive breastfeeding for at least 4 months compared with feeding intact cow milk protein decreases the incidence of atopic dermatitis, cow milk allergy, and wheezing in early childhood. For infants at high risk of developing atopic disease who are not breastfed exclusively for 4 to 6 months, there is modest evidence that atopic dermatitis may be delayed or prevented by the use of extensively or partially hydrolyzed formulas, compared with cow milk formula, in early childhood. There is no convincing evidence that a delayed introduction of solid foods beyond 4 to 6 months of age prevents the development of atopic disease. For infants after 4 to 6 months of age, there are insufficient data to support a protective effect of any dietary intervention for the development of atopic disease.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.144-149
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• 2006

Purpose : This study investigated the breast-feeding period, the milk bottle-using period, the age of cow's milk, introduced and the amount of cow's milk consumed in relation to anemia. Methods : Over the course of three years, 930 children(12 months to 36 months) who went to the Presbyterian Medical Center, Chonju, Korea were tested for anemia and their parents were surveyed for a history of their children's milk consumption. Results : Anemia appeared more likely between 30 months and 36 months, however, iron-deficiency anemia appeared more likely between 18 months and 23 months. Anemia, low serum ferritin levels and iron-deficiency anemia appeared more likely in children breast fed less than 6 months and greater than 12 months. Although there were survey reports of side effects with cow's milk, including constipation, diarrhea and skin rash, the milk bottle-using period, age of cow's milk introduced and amount of cow's milk consumed had no connection with anemia, serum ferritin levels and irondeficiency anemia. Conclusion : The data showed no correlation between the cow's milk, milk bottle-using period and iron deficiency. But the data revealed that iron deficiency anemia is more likely in children who are breast fed for less than 6 months and over 12 months, so we suggest careful attention during this period to prevent iron deficiency anemia.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.231-235
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• 2001

Gestation duration of cow is an important economical trait. Shortening the gestation duration decreases the production cost and increases the competitiveness of Hanwoo industry. Thus, this study was carried out to analyse the effect of expected factors on gestation duration and make an alternative idea for reduced gestation duration. Gestation duration was not affected by cow-parity, but significantly affected by farm, Al year and sire. Therefore, reducing the gestation duration of Hanwoo may require both providing optimum feeding environment and nutrition management for cow and selecting optimum sire for AI.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.184-187
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• 2002

This study was designed to examine the response of feeding early weaning diets without and with amino acids supplemented cottonseed meal on growth performance and digestibility of early weaned cow calves. Fifteen 14-21 days old cross bred cow calves were randomly allotted to three experimental diets. Diet A comprised of milk replacer and concentrate feed whereas two isocaloric and iso-nitrogenous early weaning diets viz., B and C were prepared without and with lysine and methionine supplemented cottonseed meal, respectively. These early weaning diets were used as substitute of milk replacer for calves. Calves were placed in individual cages and fed twice daily for a period of 60 days. Daily feed intake, feed refused and weekly weight gain was recorded. Two digestibility trials I and II were performed at 5th and 9th week of the experiment, respectively. During the digestibility trial I, calves were fed on ad libitum basis whereas in trial II, calves were fed at 90% of their voluntary DMI. Feed, orts and feces samples were collected, weighed daily, composited, subsampled and analysed for DM and CP. Results indicated that weight gain of calves was (p<0.05) higher on diets A (0.63 kg/d/calf) and C (0.64 kg/d/calf) compared to calves on diet B (0.57 kg/d/calf). Significantly (p<0.05) less daily DMI was observed on diet A (1.48 kg) compared to early weaning diets B (1.70 kg) and C (1.72 kg). The feed efficiency was (p<0.05) better on diet A (2.33) compared to diets B (2.95) and C (2.65). The economic efficiency was noticed to be better on diets B and C compared to diet A. In trial I, digestibility of DM and CP of diet A was (p<0.05) higher than diets B and C. Whereas in trial II, digestibility of DM and CP of diet A was (p<0.05) less than diets B and C. It was concluded that early weaning diet based on lysine and methionine supplemented cottonseed meal produced better weight gain and feed efficiency compared to non-supplemented cottonseed meal based diet.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.62 no.5
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• pp.149-154
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• 2019

The World Health Organization recommends that infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life to provide optimal nutrition in this critical period of life. After this, infants should receive nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods while breastfeeding continues for up to 2 years of age or beyond. For nonbreastfed infants, infant formula is an available option to provide the nutrition needed. Infant formula is usually prepared from industrially modified cow's milk and processed to adjust for the nutritional needs of infants. However, cow's milk is one of the most common causes of food allergy, affecting 2%-5% of all formula-fed infants during their first year of life. One strategy to prevent cow's milk allergy in nonbreastfed infants is the use of partially hydrolyzed formula (pHF) in high-risk infants, which are infants born in families with atopic disease. However, based on an epidemiological study, approximately half of the infants who develop allergy are not part of the at-risk group. This is because the non-at-risk group is significantly larger than the at-risk group and the non-at-risk infants have approximately 15% risk of developing allergies. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of partially hydrolyzed whey formula (pHF-W) in nonbreastfed infants and determine whether pHF-W can prevent atopic disease in high-risk infants and can be used as routine starter formula regardless of the allergy risk status.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.8
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• pp.1089-1098
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• 2018

In this paper, we propose an autonomous feeding robot and its obstacle classification system using ultrasonic sensors to secure the driving safety of the robot and efficient feeding operation. The developed feeding robot is verified by operation experiments in a cattle shed. In the proposed classification algorithm, not only the maximum amplitude of the ultrasonic echo signal but also two gradients of the signal and the variation of amplitude are considered as the feature parameters for object classification. The experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed classification method based on the Support Vector Machine, which is able to classify objects or obstacles such as a human, a cow, a fence and a wall.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.477-485
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• 1997

This study was conducted to determine the effect of large amounts of whole cow's milk intake on serum levels of minerals and lipids. Subjects were normal infants who were brought to the pediatric hospital for vaccination at the age of 7-26 months after birth, living in Eumsung-Choongbuk area. The serum concentrations of the imnerals(calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper), lipids and fatty acids composition were analyzed in 38 infants which consumed large amount of whole cow's milk(over 700ml/day). The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1) The mean levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the serum of the total subjects were 7.56$\pm$0.51mg/dl, 11.12$\pm$0.72mg/dl and 1.62$\pm$0.13mg/dl respectively. The serum concentrations of iron, zinc and copper in total subjects averaged 72.42$\pm$1.62$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 76.29$\pm$3. 62$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl and 86.44$\pm$2.98$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl respectively. 2) The mean serum concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL in the total number of subjects were 96.84$\pm$9.22mg/dl, 133.45$\pm$6.30mg/dl, 32.79$\pm$1.77mg/dl and 81.29$\pm$4.81mg/dl respectively. 3) The average percentages of SFA, MUFA and PUFA inth total serum fatty acids were 38.98$\pm$2.42$\%$, 25.82$\pm$0.98$\%$ and 37.30$\pm$1.09$\%$ respectively and the mean$w6/w3$fatty acids ratio was 13.48. In general, the levels of serum minerals and $\omega$3 fatty acid composition in the subjects of this study, who were whole cow's milk fed infants were lower than those reported in breast milk or formula fed infants. Therefore, the intake of large amount of whole cow's milk in the weani ng period should be controlled and adequate for the infant's nutritional status. (Korean J Community 2(4) : 477-485, 1997)

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 1998

The study was conducted to analyze the directions of domestic production and import of livestock machinery and to propose their direction of development. The results of this study are as follows ; 1. Most of livestock machinery for feeding and watering systems are manufactured by a domestic skill. But their performances and know-how are behind those of the advanced countries. 2. The know-how and ratios of the market share of feeding systems for pigs are evaluated high, but researches of total automatic systems for them are very insufficient. 3. Feeding and milking systems for milk-cow are in the conditions of a weak technologies, which should be studied in the future.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.71-75
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• 1986

Feeding ratio in relation to milk production, usage of silage, hay and minerals and vitamin suplement were investigated from 5 dairy farms located in the areas of Cheju city, Jochun, Hallim an Sung-up. In this survey conducted on the dairty cow of 51 farms in the four districts of Cheju-do, it was suspected that the reproductive disorders seemed to be high because of inadequate feeding of roughages (especially silage) and increasing feeding of concentrated feeds. The average milk production of dairy cows was 21.3 Kg in spring, 19.3 Kg in summer, 16.2 Kg in fall and 15.7 Kg in winter.