• 통상정보연구
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.143-162
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• 2008

The Title 19 of the U.S. Code covers custom duties and is the heart of international trade regulation in the U.S.. Among the provisions in Title 19, is Chapter 4, the Tariff Act of 1930. Under U.S. Antidumping duty law, dumping occurs when `subject merchandise' is imported into the U.S. and sold at less than `fair value.' The administration of U.S. Antidumping duty law is shared between the Department of Commerce('Commerce') and International Trade Commission('USITC'). The U.S. Court of International Trade ("CIT") and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ("CAFC") decided the review of antidumping duty ("AD") determinations and administrative review results issued by the Commerce and the USITC, as well as the review of countervailing duty ("CVD") decisions. In Eurodif S.A. v. United States, the CAFC considered the important issue of whether the antidumping and countervailing duty laws apply to sales and purchases of services--in this case, the sale or purchase of enrichment services. Although the federal courts had considered the issue of whether a sale of enrichment services constitutes a sale of goods, the issue had never arisen in the context of the antidumping and countervailing duty laws. Also this is the first time that the Supreme Court has ever agreed to consider an antidumping case.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.41-62
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• 2023

Purpose - This paper examines whether the imposition of countervailing duties by the United States on undervalued foreign currency is legally consistent with the WTO's SCM Agreement. Design/methodology - The study uses a methodology that involves analyzing relevant WTO agreements, prior panel reports, Appellate Body decisions, and other legal documents. Findings - The findings suggest that to impose countervailing duties, certain legal requirements must be met, including financial contribution, benefit, and specificity. The paper also notes that when calculating the benefits of undervalued foreign currency, losses from import activities due to currency undervaluation must be considered. Additionally, classifying all exports to the US under specific industries or business groups is likely to be inconsistent with the SCM Agreement. Originality/value - Even the US countervailing measures on exchange rate subsidies may not comply with WTO regulations due to incorrect calculation of benefits and a lack of specificity, however, it suggests that when intervening in the foreign exchange market, the measures should aim to achieve only minimum policy goals.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제41권
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• pp.237-266
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• 2009

KORUS-FTA are consist of articles 8. In order to the subjects are, application of a safeguard measures, conditions and limitations, provisional measures, compensation, global safeguard actions, definitions, antidumping and countervailing duties, committee on trade remedies. In especially, regarding application of a safeguard measures under KORUS-FTA, if as a result of the reduction or elimination of a customs duty under this agreement, an originating good of the other party is being imported into the territory of a party in such increased quantities, in absolute terms or relative to domestic production, and under such conditions that the imports of such originating good from the other party constitute a substantial cause of serious injury, or threat thereof, to a domestic industry producing a like or directly competitive good, the party may: suspend the further reduction of any rate of customs duty on the good provided for under this agreement; increase the rate of customs duty on the good to a level not to exceed the lesser of: the most-favored-nation (MFN) applied rate of duty on the good in effect at the time the action is taken; and the MFN applied rate of duty on the good in effect on the day immediately preceding the date this Agreement enters into force; or in the case of a customs duty applied to a good on a seasonal basis, increase the rate of duty to a level that, for each season, does not exceed the lesser of: the MFN applied rate of duty on the good in effect for the corresponding season immediately preceding the date of application of the safeguard measure; and the MFN applied rate of duty on the good in effect for the corresponding season immediately preceding the date this agreement enters into force.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.107-124
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• 2020

Purpose - We assess the trade remedies rules in a host of Korea's FTAs to explore the trade policies for the effective implementation of FTA trade remedies rules. Also we develop the strategies of the future FTA negotiations of trade remedies rules. Design/methodology - After we review the key features of FTA trade remedies rules, we examine whether the rules are WTO-consistent or not. Next, we touch upon the WTO-plus characteristics of some provisions. Our main methodology is to compare the trade remedies rules in the numerous Korea's FTAs. Another methodology is to link those rules to the relevant WTO agreements and WTO dispute cases with a view to drawing lessons for trade policies and FTA negotiations. Findings - We find that most of the trade remedies rules are WTO-consistent. Moreover, we find that notification and consultation requirment, mandatory lesser duty rule, explicit prohibition of zeroing method, and public interest clause are WTO-plus. We also find that there are limitiations in the application of some global safeguard exclusion rules because of their non-mandatory nature. Originality/value - While most of previous studies focus mainly on the unique aspects of specific FTAs, our study analyzes comprehensively the trade remedies rules in the various Korea's FTAs. Based on the comprehensive analysis, we figure out the areas to be clarified and improved for the effective implementation of FTAs and the strategies for the future FTA trade remedies negotiations. As a consequence, our paper is expected to contribute to the academic research on FTA policies as well as the national economy.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.323-341
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• 2007

International trade conflict has been increased since WTO has appeared. Like this, the cause that the number of international trade conflict has been increased is by means of enlargement of agreements range. But some new facts have been added. They are Anti-dumping, subsidy, Countervailing duty, Safeguard, the norm of intellectual property right, the procedure of permitting importing products, Technical Barriers, agricultural products, and the area of textile. Since Japanese government has decided to give lavor import quarters to China without permission of Korea, Korean government formally presented the system of lavor import quarter to WTO DSB due to WTO agreement disobedience of Japan. Accordingly, this paper has the following purpose; to analyze situation on fiber dispute of Japan. Some methods about trade barrier against Japan need to be solved from another viewpoint owing to lavor IQ dispute.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.85-111
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• 2016

최근, 글로벌 반도체기업들의 중국내 직접투자가 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 특히, 중국내에서 제조를 위한 공장설립이 늘고 있으며, 이는 저렴한 인건비를 활용하기 위한 차원보다는 늘어나는 중국내 수요에 대응하려 투자하고 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 한국과 대만 글로벌 반도체기업들에 대한 중국내 직접투자 배경과 과정에 대해서 살펴보았다. 조사결과 삼성반도체는 1996년 Suzhou에 후 공정 공장을 설립하였으나 전 공정의 일괄생산방식으로 투자한 것은 2014년 Xian공장이었다. 그리고 SK하이닉스는 2006년 Wuxi에 처음 공장을 설립하였으며 이후 2009년 중국기업과 합작으로 후 공정 공장인 Hitech Semiconductor를 설립하였고 이어 2015년 Chongqing에 후 공정 공장을 설립하였다. 아울러 TSMC는 2004년 Shanghai에서 처음 공장을 가동하였으며 나아가 2018년에 Nanjing공장이 완공예정이다. 마지막으로 UMC는 2000년대 초반 중국 현지기업인 HJT에 지분을 소유하는 방식으로 중국에 진출하였으며, 이후 직접투자로 빠르면 2016년 말 Xiamen공장이 완공된다. 결과적으로 각사 대부분은 주로 중국시장을 공략하기 위한 목적으로 중국에 공장설립을 한 것으로 나타났으나 이외에도 삼성반도체는 리스크 관리 그리고 SK하이닉스는 상계관세를 회피하기 위한 목적이 있었다. 본 연구결과를 토대로 다른 반도체기업들에 차후 중국내 직접투자에 있어 도움이 되는 전략적 시사점들을 제시하였다.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.573-600
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• 2009

최근에는 WTO의 다자주의 체제에 대비되어 지역주의 또는 양자주의를 표방하는 FTA의 체결이 급격히 증가하고 있다. FTA 체제하에서 무역구제제도는 존립 필요성 및 내용과 관련된 다양한 이슈를 가지고 있다. FTA체제 하에서 무역구제제도의 존립근거는 GATT 제24조에서 찾아 볼 수 있는데, 공식적인 무역구제제도는 반덤핑, 상계, 세이프가드가 있고 본 연구는 이러한 협의의 무역구제제도 개념에 국한하여 이루어졌다. FTA체결 시에는 한국의 경제상황과 국내산업 보호 필요성을 충분히 고려하고 FTA협상 상대국 별로 다른 무역구제제도를 도입하는 것이 필요하다. 현재, 한국의 기 체결된 FTA에서 무역구제제도는 대체로 WTO협정의 권리와 의무를 유지하고, 일부 FTA 무역구제분야에서 상황에 따라 협정의 일부를 변경하고 있다. 본 연구는 위의 분석결과를 실제 한 중 FTA의 무역구제 협상에 적용하였는데 즉, 중국과의 산업전반 및 주요 교역품목에 관한 경쟁력 우열관계를 고려하여 무역구제제도가 결정되어야 할 것이다. 따라서 FTA의 체결 목적을 충분히 고려하고, 예상치 못한 경제상황 변화에 대비한다는 취지에서 무역구제조치의 발동 근거를 마련할 필요가 있다. 또한 민감품목에 대해서는 추가로 특별세이프가드 규정을 도입해야할 것으로 생각된다.