• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.682-690
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• 2016

In order to present a realistic alternative to agricultural product brands which achieve quantitative growth but minimal qualitative growth, this study attempted to identify the structural factors that affect the agricultural product brand equity and quantitatively analyze the effects of the structural factors on the brand equity. For the quantitative analysis, a survey was conducted among customers with a structured questionnaire. The major results of the analysis are as follows. First, the structural factors of the agriculture product brand equity were theoretically reviewed through many preceding studies in regard to the brand and brand equity. Awareness, quality and loyalty were selected as the structural factors of the agriculture brand equity. Second, when the sub-structural factors of the agriculture product brand equity were analyzed, it was found that awareness includes familiarity, first reminding level, general awareness, sub-awareness, frequency of reference and level of people's logo recollection. Quality includes quality consistence, quality reliability, quality stability, general quality and quality for price. Loyalty includes recommendation, purchase intention, cost premium and repurchase intention. Third, in the analysis of the factors of awareness, quality and loyalty were found to be statistically significant at the 1% level of significance, and it turned out that the higher the awareness, quality and loyalty, the higher the brand equity. Fourth, the factors most influencing the brand equity differed from those obtained using the standardized coefficients. The highest standardized coefficients of the factors on rice and condiment vegetables were those for quality with values of 0.486 and 0.581, respectively, and the highest standardized coefficients of the factors on fruits and fruit vegetables were those for loyalty with values of 0.536 and 0.490, respectively. Finally, it was found to be more effective to develop brand policies using an approach based on awareness, quality and loyalty by item. Also, focusing on enhancing the quality when developing brand policies for rice and vegetables, or focusing on enhancing loyalty when developing brand policies for fruit and vegetables was found to be more efficient using the limited resources.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.155-173
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• 2008

Controlling for the impacts of main strands of debt maturity theories, we highlight the relationship between syndicated loan maturity and ownership structure of Korean borrowers. We find that as the ownership of large shareholders increases, the maturity of syndicated loans also increases. Additionally, we identify a negative relation between foreigners' ownership and loan maturity, indicating that foreign institutional investors serve valuable monitoring functions; as their equity shares increase, they fully take advantage of frequent renewals through the short maturity of syndicated loan. We also show that the predicted value of leverage is more systematically and positively related to the maturity of syndicated loan.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.43-72
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• 2007

The recent development of industrial marketing explains the near absence of research on brand equity in business-to-business markets. With recent change, industrial companies have shifted from a production focus to a customer focus. Industrial brand concept is rapidly developing. The basic purpose of this study is to investigate industrial brand equity affecting the result of business relationship between industrial buyers and suppliers. This research presented a comprehensive constructive model consisting of components of industrial brand equity, and then propose the research model base on prior researches and studies about relationships among components of industrial brand equity. Data were gathered from respondents who work in industrial buying center. For this study, Data were analyzed by SPSS 11.0 and AMOS 5.0. The results of this research analysis were as fallow. Industrial brand loyalty was positively related with perceived value, perceived quality, brand awareness, relationship satisfaction, switching cost, relationship commitment. Also, Industrial corporate performance and purchasing value was positively related with brand loyalty and relationship commitment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.175-184
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• 2008

Uncertainties are unavoidable in engineering applications. In this paper we propose an alpha reliable multi-variable network design problem under demand uncertainty. In order to decide the optimal capacity enhancement, three performance measures based on 3E(Efficiency, Equity, and Environmental) are considered. The objective is to minimize the total budget required to satisfy alpha reliability constraint of total travel time, equity ratio, and total emission, while considering the route choice behavior of network users. The problem is formulated as the chance-constrained model for application of alpha confidence level and solved as a lexicographic optimization problem to consider the multi-variable. A simulation-based genetic algorithm procedure is developed to solve this complex network design problem(NDP). A simple numerical example ispresented to illustrate the features of the proposed NDP model.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.207-220
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• 2009

This study investigates the obstacles to implementing family-friendly policies and offering flexible work arrangements and provides policy directions. A survey was conducted of employers at 147 firms, resulting in 42-43 questionnaires being statistically analyzed. Frequencies, means and factor analysis were conducted by SPSSWIN 12.0. The findings are as follows: First, the main obstacle to implementing family-friendly policies was the burden of cost. Second, eight obstacle factors were extracted through factor analysis. They are; lack of replacement workers and concerns about equity issues, nonfamily-friendly culture, no guarantee of the effectiveness of programs, lack of information about the programs or polices, lack of communication and public relations, potential loss of productivity, administrative hassles, and structural obstacles. Third, there was a difference in implementing flexible work arrangements according to the factors of lack of replacement workers and concerns about equity issues and no guarantee of the effectiveness of programs. That is, the firms which didn't have these two obstacles tried to implement flexible work arrangements more than the others.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 2010

Today, the fashion market challenged by a maturing retail market needs a new paradigm in the "evolution of brand" to improve their comparative advantages. An important issue in fashion marketing is lifestyle brand extension with a specific aim to meet consumers' specific needs for their changing lifestyle. For fashion brand extensions into lifestyle product categories, Gen Y and Baby Boomer are emerging as "prospects"-Baby Boomers who are renovating their lifestyle, and generation Y experiencing changes in their life stage-with demands for buying new products. Therefore, it is imperative that apparel companies pay special attention to the consumer cohort for brand extension to create and manage their brand equity in a new product category. The purposes of this study are to (a) evaluate brand equity between parent and extension brands; (b) identify consumers' perceived marketing elements for brand extension; and (c) estimate a structural equation model for examining causative relationship between marketing elements and brand equity for brand extensions in lifestyle product category including home fashion items for the selected two groups (e.g., Gen Y, and Baby boomer). For theoretical frameworks, this study focused on the traditional marketing 4P's mix to identify what marketing element is more importantly related to brand extension equity for this study. It is assumed that comparable marketing capability can be critical to establish "brand extension equity", leads to successfully entering the new categories. Drawing from the relevant literature, this study developed research hypotheses incorporating brand equity factors and marketing elements by focusing on the selected consumers (e.g., Gen Y, Baby Boomer). In the context of brand extension in the lifestyle products, constructs of brand equity consist of brand awareness/association, brand perceptions (e.g., perceived quality, emotional value) and brand resonance adapted from CBBE factors (Keller, 2001). It is postulated that the marketing elements create brand extension equity in terms of brand awareness/association, brand perceptions by the brand extension into lifestyle products, which in turn influence brand resonance. For data collection, the sample was comprised of Korean female consumers in Gen Y and Baby Boomer consumer categories who have a high demand for lifestyle products due to changing their lifecycles. A total of 651 usable questionnaires were obtained from female consumers of Gen Y (n=326) and Baby Boomer (n=325) in South Korea. Structural and measurement models using a correlation matrix was estimated using LISREL 8.8. Findings indicated that perceived marketing elements for brand extension consisted of three factors: price/store image, product, and advertising. In the model of Gen Y consumers, price/store image had a positive effect on brand equity factors (e.g., brand awareness/association, perceived quality), while product had positive effect on emotional value in the brand extensions; and the brand awareness/association was likely to increase the perceived quality and emotional value, leading to brand resonance for brand extensions in the lifestyle products. In the model of Baby Boomer consumers, price/store image had a positive effect on perceived quality, which created brand resonance of brand extension; and product had a positive effect on perceived quality and emotional value, which leads to brand resonance for brand extension in the lifestyle products. However, advertising was negatively related to brand equity for both groups. This study provides an insight for fashion marketers in developing a successful brand extension strategy, leading to a sustainable competitive advantage. This study complements and extends prior works in the brand extension through critical factors of marketing efforts that affect brand extension success. Findings support a synergy effect on leveraging of fashion brand extensions (Aaker and Keller, 1990; Tauber, 1988; Shine et al., 2007; Pitta and Katsanis, 1995) in conjunction with marketing actions for entering into the new product category. Thus, it is recommended that marketers targeting both Gen Y and Baby Boomer can reduce marketing cost for entering the new product category (e.g., home furnishings) by standardized marketing efforts; fashion marketers can (a) offer extension lines with premium ranges of price; (b) place an emphasis on upscale features of store image positioning by a retail channel (e.g., specialty department store) in Korea, and (c) combine apparel with lifestyle product assortments including innovative style and designer’s limited editions. With respect to brand equity, a key to successful brand extension is consumers’ brand awareness or association that ensures brand identity with new product category. It is imperative for marketers to have knowledge of what contributes to more concrete associations in a market entry into new product categories. For fashion brands, a second key of brand extension can be a "luxury" lifestyle approach into new product categories, in that higher price or store image had impact on perceived quality that established brand resonance. More importantly, this study increases the theoretical understanding of brand extension and suggests directions for marketers as they establish marketing program at Gen Y and Baby Boomers.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.77-84
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aims to determine the impact of green accounting on the distribution of company financial performance. Green Accounting is seen as an accounting approach that considers the environmental impact of business activities and the distribution of financial performance which is expected to provide great benefits to the company. Research Design Data and Methodology: The population of this study is 168 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2018 to 2020. The research theory uses the Legitimacy Theory and the Shareholder Theory. Research data were analyzed using multiple regression models with purposive sampling. Green Accounting in this study uses environmental cost proxies using Return on Capital Employed (ROCE). Financial performance uses the Return on Equity (ROE) proxy. Results: research shows that the influence of green accounting can provide important input to operational managers in manufacturing companies in making decisions regarding environmental costs and environmental protection that will provide economic benefits for the company. In addition, these findings also clarify the great benefits of green accounting policies for a company's production process. Conclusion: Green Accounting has a long-term impact through the company's financial performance. Green Accounting can be the basis for companies in deciding whether to invest or not.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.191-233
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• 2002

This paper is to examine some issues and policy direction of capital income taxation in Korea. Fundamental tax reform in US was reviewed to get some lessons for reforming the capital income taxation. One of main characteristics in Korea's capital income taxation is different treatment by corporation type, investment goods, and financial structures. Especially, the tax differential for debt and equity financing has been serious, as debt has been deducted as cost. We discuss that tax policy should try to satisfy the efficiency, equity, and simplicity under the structure of income based taxation for the time being. However, the changes of tax policies in advanced economies should be carefully examined, as Korea has the structure of small open economy. The current issue on the abolition of corporation income tax might be premature in logical structure and implementation. The US fundamental tax reform might be useful reference for determining the direction of capital income taxation in Korea, as it gives us some chances to discuss about tax base issue with income and consumption. Consumption based taxation is superior to income based taxation in the perspective of administrative and compliance costs. We should consider these tax costs for reforming capital income tax system in Korea.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.187-197
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to investigate economic feasibility of manganese nodules in Korea area (Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone). We assumed that the production scale of manganese nodules were 3.0MT or 1.5MT and analyzed that the capital cost and operating cost were estimated in the four sectors, exploration, mining, transportation and metallurgical process. The capital cost and operating cost evaluation reflects the latest technical practices. First, for analyzing economic feasibility, the scenario suggests that the production of 4 metals can be made for 25 years. Assuming the discount rate at 8.0%, equity capital at 50% and tax at 27%. When manganese nodule were mininged 3.0 MT, economic feasibility analyses showed that IRR was 12.8 and pay-back period was 9.2 years, and when manganese nodules were mininged 1.5 MT, economic feasibility analyses showed that IRR was 4.0 and pay-back period was 11.8 years. This study indicated there is economic validity of at the product of manganese nodules 3.0 MT. In addition, we carried out a sensitivity analysis at the change of cobalt price on mining 1.5 MT. The result of sensitivity analysis clearly showed that economic validity is high at increasing of cobalt price 50% up.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.233-241
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze whether the influence of foreign investors from the monitoring role in Korean capital market is observed differently in accordance with the global financial crisis situation. We collected a total of 2,919 firm data from 2003 to 2015 and performed the empirical tests between foreign investor ownership and firms' cost of equity capital separately according to the situation of the global financial crisis. From the empirical results, foreign investors in general were playing a positive function in the Korean capital market by effectively performing the monitoring role for companies. However, we observed that their monitoring role is not effectively performed when the risk level of capital market is maximized, such as during the global financial crisis. The study suggested that the influence of foreign investors may vary depending on the level of risk in the capital market, which is expected to contribute to the market participants and academia.