• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.15-22
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• 2020

In this study, we propose an improvement method that can create U-Net model which detect fine concrete cracks by applying a weighted loss function. Because cracks in concrete are a factor that threatens safety, it is important to periodically check the condition and take prompt initial measures. However, currently, the visual inspection is mainly used in which the inspector directly inspects and evaluates with naked eyes. This has limitations not only in terms of accuracy, but also in terms of cost, time and safety. Accordingly, technologies using deep learning is being researched so that minute cracks generated in concrete structures can be detected quickly and accurately. As a result of attempting crack detection using U-Net in this study, it was confirmed that it could not detect minute cracks. Accordingly, as a result of verifying the performance of the model trained by applying the suggested weighted loss function, a highly reliable value (Accuracy) of 99% or higher and a harmonic average (F1_Score) of 89% to 92% was derived. The performance of the learning improvement plan was verified through the results of accurately and clearly detecting cracks.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate associations between the morphology score of blastocysts and blastocoele re-expansion speed after warming with clinical outcomes, which could assist in making correct and cost-effective decisions regarding the appropriate time to vitrify blastocysts and to transfer vitrified-warmed blastocysts. Methods: A total of 327 vitrified-warmed two-blastocyst transfer cycles in women 38 years old and younger were included in this retrospective study. Results: The clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) and implantation rate (IR) of transfers of two good-morphology grade 4 blastocysts vitrified on day 5 (64.1% and 46.8%, respectively) were significantly higher than the CPR and IR associated with the transfers of two good-morphology grade 3 blastocysts vitrified on day 5 (46.7% and 32.2%, respectively). No significant differences were found in the CPR and IR among the transfers of two good-morphology grade 4 blastocysts regardless of the day of cryopreservation. Logistic regression analysis showed that blastocoele reexpansion speed after warming was associated with the CPR. Conclusion: The selection of a good-morphology grade 4 blastocyst to be vitrified could be superior to the choice of a grade 3 blastocyst. Extending the culture of grade 3 blastocysts and freezing grade 4 or higher blastocysts on day 6 could lead to a greater likelihood of pregnancy. Since re-expansion was shown to be a morphological marker of superior blastocyst viability, blastocysts that quickly re-expand after warming should be prioritized for transfer.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.394-401
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to : (a) examine diabetic patients' sensory evaluation and food preferences, (b) analyze the portion sizes & plate wastes, (c) investigate the factors affecting plate wastes, and (d) determine the nutritional & mometary values of the plate wastes. A questionnaire for determining food preference and sensory evaluation was developed. Thirty-three diabetic patients who were hospitalized in Sanggye Paik hospital in Seoul were studied. Serving sizes and plate wastes were weighed by using an electric scale, and the CAN-Pro program was used to evaluate the nutritional value or the food consumed. The data were analyzed using the SAS package program for descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and the Pearson correlation. Using a five-point Likeu-type scale, the temperature s[ore ranged from 3.1 to 3.3 (1 : very poor, 5 : excellent), the preference store was 3.0-3.2 (1 : very dislike, 5:very like), the taste score was 2.9-3.2 (1 : very poor, 5 : excellent), and the amount of food served score was 2.8-3.0 (1 : too little, 5 : too much). Serving sizes were considered insufficient by patients because most of the DM diet was low in calories. Average plate waste for the DM diet was 26.2% of the total served, by weight, and was lower than that for patients consuming a normal diet, which was 30.3%, found in previous research. Those subjects who had been previously hospitalized and who wished to participate in a campaign for food waste reduction produced less plate waste than other groups (p<.05). Plate wastes of the DM diet were negatively correlated with taste, temperature, and preference, and were positively correlated with the amount served: however, these results were not statistically significant. It was found that diabetic patients consumed adequate levels of energy, protein, Ca, Fe, Vitamin B$_1$, Vitamin B$_2$, and niacin, but inadequate levels of Phosphorus, Vitamin A and Vitamin C. The plate wastes were calculated to be 26.2% of the total cost (￦ 3,489), which is ￦9l5. This represents a significant wastage of resources from the hospital. The results of this study could assist foodservice managers in both controlling food wastage, and improving the quality of hospital food services.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1599-1605
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• 2015

Twenty Holstein calves were used to investigate the effects of mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) supplementation in the whole milk on growth performance, faecal score, faecal pH, selected faecal bacterial populations and health during the preweaning period. Healthy calves selected by clinical examination were allocated to one of the two groups (control [CG] and experimental [EG]) at 5 days old. Each group consisted of 5 male and 5 female calves. Each calf in EG was supplemented with 7 g/d of a MOS product (Celmanax) from 5 days to 56 days of age. MOS supplement was mixed with the whole milk once in the morning and administered to the calves in EG via nipple bottle, whereas the calves in CG were fed the whole milk without MOS. Calves were weaned at 56 days of age. The final body weight, average daily weight gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were statistically similar (p>0.05) but were higher by 3.70%, 6.66%, and 10.97%, respectively, in MOS than in control calves. Feed efficiency (ADG/ADFI) was also similar in two calves group. While faecal scores did not differ on day 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 49, and 56 between groups, EG had a higher faecal score (p = 0.05) than CG on day 35. Faecal concentration of Lactobacillus was lower (p<0.05) in EG compared with CG. No differences (p>0.05) in faecal concentrations of Bifidobacterium, Clostridium perfringens, and Escherichia coli were found between groups. Although there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the incidence of diarrhoea, treatment days for diarrhoea and the costs associated with diarrhoea treatments between groups, collectively, the observed reductions in treatment days and the cost of diarrhoea treatments accompanying increases in final body weight, ADG and ADFI for EG may indicate potential benefit of MOS in treatment of diarrhoea.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2663-2667
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• 2012

Objectives: An attempt was made to understand the nicotine dependence of smokers selected for an ongoing smoking cessation intervention programme in rural Kerala, India. Methods: Data were collected from resident males in the age group of 18 to 60 years from 4 randomly allocated community development blocks of rural Thiruvananthapuram district (2 intervention and 2 control groups). Trained accredited social health activist workers were utilised to collect data from all groups through face to face interview. Nicotine dependence among participants was assessed by means of the six-item Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) translated into the local language. The internal consistency of FTND was computed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Criterion validity (concurrent) was assessed by correlations of nicotine dependence scores with age at initiation of smoking and cumulative smoking volume in pack-years. Results: Among the 928 smokers identified, 474 subjects were in the intervention area (mean age = 44.6 years, SD = 9.66 years) and 454 in the control area (mean age = 44.5 years, SD = 10.30 years). The overall FTND score among current daily smokers was 5.04 (SD: 5.05). FTND scores in the control and intervention areas were 4.75 (SD: 2.57) and 4.92 (SD: 2.51) respectively. The FTND scores increased with age and decreased with higher literacy and socioeconomic status. The average FTND score was high among smokers using both bidi and cigarettes (mean 6.10, SD 2.17). Internal consistency analysis yielded a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.70 in a subsample of 150 subjects, a moderate result. The association of the scale was strongest, with the number of pack-years smoked (rho = 0.677, p < 0.001). Conclusion: A moderate level of nicotine dependence was observed among smokers in the current study. Tobacco cessation strategies could be made more cost effective and productive if a baseline assessment of nicotine dependence is completed before any intervention.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 2014

The High-price development & testing tools and IP infratstructures are required for the development of system semi-conductors, but SMEs have not ability to prepare for them. Recently in terms of the miniaturization and the advancement of semiconductor process, the cost of the semi-conductor development have shown the rising tendency and the market-based design tools used are requied to be upgraded due to the advancement in the environment and technology. On the contray, many other contries such as Taiwan, Japan, China, and User are supporting this system semi-conductor industry. Korean government is trying to build the research infrastructure for system semi-conductor industry that aims to reduce the costs of the design infrastructure investment, to support the companies of system semi-conductor development and to incubate the fab-less start-ups. This study analyzes the feasibility of the project, by using the AHP analysis and the results shows that this project is considered feasible because the AHP overall score is evaluated as 0.840, the overall score is greater than or equal to 0.55.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.18
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• pp.7693-7702
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• 2014

Background: Human papilloma virus (HPV) occurs in women of all age groups, and causes cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile and oropharyngeal cancers. The aim of the study was to discover what nurses know about HPV infection, testing and vaccination and to determine vaccine practice of their daughters and perceived barriers. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional and prospective study was carried out nurses who have worked in a hospital between January and June 2014. Pre-test and post-test were used to evaluate the nurses' knowledge about HPV infection, testing and vaccination. This study was performed with nurses who had girls between 9 and 26 years of age for evaluating the behavior of vaccination after three months of education. Results: The mean of pre-test and post-test scores about HPV infection, which included 22 items, were $8.2{\pm}5.6$ and $19.2{\pm}1.5$, respectively. Before education the HPV testing knowledge score was remarkably poor ($1.9{\pm}1.7$ over 5), after education it increased to $4.8{\pm}0.5$. The mean HPV vaccine knowledge score were $3.7{\pm}2.7$ (pre-test) $7.3{\pm}0.8$ (post-test) on a 0-8 scale. The difference between mean total pre-test ($13.9{\pm}9.1$) and post-test ($31.3{\pm}1.9$) scores was statistically significant (p<0.001). After three months of education, only two of the nurses' daughters were vaccinated. The main reason was noted by nurses were not willing to be vaccinated was cost, doubts about safety and efficacy related to the vaccine. About one-third of nurses declared that they would receive the vaccine for their daughter later. Conclusions: Nurses have a crucial role in the prevention, treatment, increasing public awareness and care for population. The education of the nurses about HPV infection, test and vaccination will play an important part decreasing cancer mortality and morbidity.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 2002

Breast self-exam is easiest, safe and cost effective to be recommended as an important method for early detection of breast cancer. This experimental research with non-equal control design was to develop the efficacy expectation program for breast self-exam based on Bandura's self-efficacy information source. The study objects selected from two local churches in Busan. Twenty from S church were selected as a study group, twenty from D church as a control group. Efficacy expectation promoting program was based on Bandura's efficacy promoting source and was two hour lecture including slide, video tape, demonstration, pamphlet. After this, there were individual interviews with them and consultations through telephone f or verbal persuasion on the weekly basis between the first week and the fifth week. The effect from the experiment were measured on the first week after education and on the fifth week. Data from control group was collected during the period from Jan 11, 2 001 to Feb 15, 2001 and data from study group was collected during the period from Jan 12, 2001 to Feb 16, 2001. Measurement instrument for this study was developed by the author with the advice of specialist in order to measure self-efficacy and breast self-exam practice. Data analysis was done by using SPSS/10.0 PC program $with^2-$ test. t-test and ANCOVA. Proved results for hypothesis were as follows. 1) It was supported that "Study group educated by efficacy expectation promoting program has higher score in change rat e of self-efficacy than control group." (1 week after education F=18.395, p=.000 5 weeks after education F=28.972, p=.000) 2) It was supported that "Study group educated by efficacy expectation promoting program has higher score in change rate of exam practice than control group." (1 week after education F=37.984, p=.000 5 weeks after education F=28.972, p=.000) In conclusion, efficacy expectation promoting program for breast self-exam developed by this study may increase s elf-efficacy and breast self-exam practice.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.229-235
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• 2011

Background: Following major lung resection, patients have routinely been monitored in the intensive care unit (ICU). Recently, however, patients are increasingly being placed in a general thoracic ward (GTW). We investigated the safety and efficacy of the GTW care after lobectomy for lung cancer. Materials and Methods: 316 patients who had undergone lobectomy for lung cancer were reviewed. These patients were divided into two groups: 275 patients were cared for in the ICU while 41 patients were care for in the GTW immediately post-operation. After propensity score matching, postoperative complications and hospital costs were analyzed. Risk factors for early complications were analyzed with the whole cohort. Results: Early complications (until the end of the first postoperative day) occurred in 11 (3.5%) patients. Late complications occurred in 42 patients (13.3%). After propensity score matching, the incidence of early complications, late complications, and mortality were not different between the two groups. The mean expense was higher in the ICU group. Risk factors for early complications were cardiac comorbidities and low expected forced expiratory volume in one second. The location of postoperative care had no influence on outcome. Conclusion: Immediate postoperative care after lobectomy for lung cancer in a GTW was safe and cost-effective without compromising outcomes in low-risk patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.407-415
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• 2001

The purposes of this study were to assess th importance and performance of food suppliers and to explore the ways to improve the school foodservice purchasing management. The questionnaire regarding purchasing was composed of two parts. The part one consisted of questions on general characteristics of dieticians and school foodservice operations, and the part two was composed of questions on the importance & performance of food suppliers. Completed questionnaires were received from 286 dieticians of elementary school foodservice operations in Seoul. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SPSS/win for descriptive and t-test. In dieticians' demographic data, 36.6% were over 30 years old, 32.4% were $28{\sim}29$ years of age and 31.0% were below 27years old. Most of the respondents(68.3%) had overall working experiences less than 58 months and almost half of them(56.3%) were married. The school foodservice operations which employed a chef were 50.3%. The food suppliers' attributes that were recognized by the dieticians with high value of mean importance scores were: food quality, maintenance of food quality, accuracy in filling orders, quality of delivery facilities, on time delivery and packaging. Average mean score for importance was 4.33('important') out of 5 and mean score for performance was 3.50('so-so') out of 5. By IPA techniques, the attributes that deserve higher attention were those that ranked high in importance and low in performance(Quadrant A). The coordinates in Quadrant A were geographical location of supplier, maintenance of food quality, provision of information on cost variation and salesman's knowledge.