• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.423-435
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• 1984

The reproductive cycle of the small filefish, Rudarius ercodes was investigated based on the annual variations of gonadosomatic index(GSI) and hepatosomatic index(HSI) by electronic and photic microscophy. The specimens used were collected at the coastal area of Benden island, Sizuokagen, Japan, from September 1982 to August 1983. GSI began to increase from March, starting season of longer daylength and higher water temperature, and reached the maximum value between June and August. It began to decrease from September with the lowest value appearing between November and February without any evident variation. The annual variations of HSI were not distinct in male filefish and were negatively related to GSI in female : HSI decreased in the summer season when the ovary was getting mature and reached the maximum in the winter season when the ovary was getting retrogressive. The ovary consisted of a pair of saccular structure with numerous ovarian sacs branched toward the median cavity. Oogonia divided and proliferated along the germinal epithelium of the ovarian sac. Young oocytes with basophile cytoplasm showed several scattering nucleoli along the nuclear membrane. when the oocytes growing to about 300 ${\mu}m$, nuclear membrane to disappear with nucleus migrating toward the animal pole. The regions of protoplasm were extremely confined within the animal hemisphere in which most of cytoplasms were filled with yolk materials and oil drops. After ovulation, residual follicles and growing oocytes remaining in the ovarian sacs degenerated. But perinucleatic young oocytes without follicles formed were not degenerated, and growing continuously still in the next year. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticula in the cytoplasm remarkably increased with oocytes maturing and yolk accumulating. Those were considered to be functionally related to the yolk accumulation. Five or six layers of possible vitellogenin, oval-shaped disc structures with high electron density, appeared in the apex of follicular processes stretching to the microvilli pits of mature oocytes. Testis consisting of a pair of lobular structures in the right and left were united in the posterior seminal vesicle, Cortex of testis was composed of several seminiferous tubules, and medulla consisting of many sperm ducts connected with tubules. Steroid hormone-secreting cells with numerous endoplasmic reticula and large mitochondria of well developed cristae were recognized in the interstitial cells of the growing testis. Axial filament of spermatozoon invaginated deeply in the central cavity of the nucleus and the head formed U-shape with acrosome severely lacking, mitochondria formed large globular paranuclei at the posterior head, and microtubular axoneme of the tail represented 9+9+2 type. The annual reproductive cycles could be divided into five successive stages : growth(March to July), maturation(May to September), Spawning(mid May to early October) and resting stages(October to February). The spawning peak occurred from June to August.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.11-24
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• 2003

This experimental studies was to investigate the location of PNS and CNS labeled neurons following injection of 2% WGA-HRP and pseudorabies virus (PRY), Bartha strain, into the ductus deferens of rats. After survival times 4-5 days following injection of 2% WGA-HRP and PRV, the rats were perfused, and their brain, spinal cord, sympathetic ganglia and spinal ganglia were frozen sectioned ($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by HRP histochemical and PRY inummohistochemical staining methods, and observed with light microscope. The results were as follows ; 1. The location of sympathetic ganglia projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in pelvic ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion and L1-6 lwnbar sympathetic ganglia. 2. The location of spinal ganglia projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in T13-L6 spinal ganglia. 3. The PRY labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in lateral spinal nucleus, lamina I, II and X of cervical segments. In thoracic segments, PRY labeled neurons were observed in dorsomedial part of lamina I, II and III, and dorsolateral part of lamina IV and V. Densely labeled neurons were observed in intermediolateral nucleus. In first lumbar segment, labeled neurons were observed in intermediolateral nucleus and dorsal commisural nucleus. In sixth lumbar segment and sacral segments, dense labeled neurons were observed in sacral parasympathetic nuc., lamina IX and X. 4. In the medulla oblongata, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in the trigeminal spinal nuc., A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular nuc., rostroventrolateral reticular nuc., area postrema, nuc. tractus solitarius, raphe obscurus nuc., raphe pallidus nuc., raphe magnus nuc., parapyramidal nuc., lateral reticular nuc., gigantocellular reticular nuc.. 5. In the pons, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were ohserved in parabrachial nuc., Kolliker-Fuse nuc., locus cooruleus, subcooruleus nuc. and AS noradrenalin cells. 6. In midbrain, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in periaqueductal gray substance, substantia nigra and dorsal raphe nuc.. 7. In the diencephalon, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in paraventricular hypahalamic nuc., lateral hypothalamic nuc., retrochiasmatic nuc. and ventromedial hypothalamic nuc.. 8. In cerebrum, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the ductus deferens were observed in area 1 of parietal cortex. These results suggest that WGA-HRP labeled neurons of the spinal cord projecting to the rat ductus deferens might be the first-order neurons related to the viscero-somatic sensory and sympathetic postganglionic neurons, and PRV labeled neurons of the brain and spinal cord may be the second and third-order neurons response to the movement of smooth muscles in ductus deferens. These PRV labeled neurons may be central autonomic center related to the integration and modulation of reflex control linked to the sensory and motor system monitaing the internal environment. These observations provide evidence for previously unknown projections from ductus deferens to spinal cord and brain which may be play an important neuroanatornical basic evidence in the regulation of ductus deferens function.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1 s.31
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• pp.374-406
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• 1996

This study has been carried out to investigate the types of differential diagnosis of amnesia. The results are as follows; 1. Amnesia has various types of differential diagnosis(辨證分型) ; deficiency of both the heart and spleen(心脾兩虛型), deficiency of the heart(心虛型), deficiency of the kidney(腎虛型), breakdown of the coordination between the heart and the kidney(心腎不交型), mental confusion due to phlegm(痰迷心竅型), accumulation of stagnant blood(蓄血型), internal injury by seven emotion (七情所傷型). 2. The type of deficiency of both the heart and spleen(心脾兩虛型) occurs when the heart and spleen is injured by overthinking(思慮過度), The symptoms are heart palpitation(心悸), continuous palpitation(??), insomnia(少寐), hypochondric discomfort(心煩), dream disturbed sleep(多夢), being easy to be scared(易驚), dizziness(眩暈), these are caused by blood deficiency of the heart(心血不足), poor appetite(飮食不振), loss of appetite(納?), short breath(氣短), sense of turgid abdormen(腹部膨滿感), loose stool(泥狀便), these are caused by deficiency of the spleen(脾虛), lassitude and weakness (身倦乏力), lassitude of the extremities (四肢無力), dim complexion (面色少華), pale lips(舌質淡), thready and feeble(脈細弱無力), these are caused by deficiency of both qi and the blood(氣血虛損). The remedy is nourishing the heart-blood(養心血) and regulating the spleen(理脾土). I can prescribe the recipes such as Guibitang(歸脾湯), Gagambosimtang(加減補心湯), Seongbitang(醒脾湯), Insin-guisadan(引神歸舍丹), Insamyangyoungtang(人蔘養榮湯), Sojungjihwan(小定志丸), Yungjigo(寧志膏), Palmijungjihwan(八味定志丸), etc., 3. The type of deficiency of the heart(心虛型) occurs when the heart-blood is injured by the mental tiredness(神勞) and so blood cannot nourish the heart. The symptoms are amnesia(健忘), short breath(氣短), heart palpitation(心悸), perspire spontaneously(自汗), facial pallidness(顔面蒼白), pale lips (舌質淡白), feeble pulse and lassitude(脈虛無力), intermittent pulse(結代脈). The remedy is nourishing the hart and blood and allaying restlessness(補心益血安神). I can prescribe the recipes such as Chenwangbosimdan(天王補心丹), Jeongji-hwan(定志丸), Gaesimhwan(開心丸), Youngjigo(寧志膏), Chilseonghwan(七聖丸), Baegseogyoungtang(白石英湯), Oseohwan(烏犀丸), Yangsinhwan(養神丸), Guisindan(歸神丹), Bogsinsan(茯神散), Jinsamyohyangsan(辰砂妙香散), Cheongeumboksinsan(千金茯神散), Samjotang(蔘棗湯), jangwonhwan(壯元丸), Sa gunjatang(四君子湯) minus rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae(白朮) plus rhizoma acori graminei(石菖蒲), radix polygalae(遠志), cinnabaris(朱砂), etc. 4. The type of deficiency of the kidney(腎虛型) occurs when the kidney-qi and kidney-essence is deficient(腎氣腎精不足) and so it cannot nourish the brain. The symptoms arc amnesia(健忘), ache at the waist and lassitude in the lower extremities(腰산腿軟), dizziness and tinnitus(頭暈耳嗚), emmission and premature ejaculation(遺精早泄), burning sensation of the five centres(五心煩熱), flushed tongue(舌紅), rapid and small palse(脈細數). The remedy is nourishing the kidney and strengthen the essence(補腎益精). I can prescribe the recipes such as Gagamgobonhwan(加減固本丸), Jeongjihwan(定志丸), Gongseongchlmjungdan(孔聖枕中丹), Yugmigihwanghwan(六味地黃丸) plus ra-dix polygalae(遠志), fructus schizandrae(五味子), Yugmigihwanghwan(六味地黃丸) plus radix polygalae(遠志), fructus schizandrae(五味子), rhizoma acori graminei(石菖蒲), semen zizyphi spinosae(酸棗仁), Palmihwan(八味丸) plus fructus schizandrae(五味子), semen zizyphi spinosae(酸棗仁). etc., 5. The type of breakdown of the coordination between the heart and the kidney (心腎不交型) occurs when the heart-fire(心火) and kidney-fluid(腎水) are imbalanced. The symptoms are amnesia(健忘), hypochondric discomfort(心煩), insomnia(失眠), dizziness and tinnitus(頭最耳嗚), feverish sensation m the palms and soles(手足心熱), emmision(遺精), ache at the waist and lassitude in the lower extremities(腰?腿軟), flushed tongue(舌紅), rapid pulse(脈數). The remedy is coordinating each other(交通心腎). I can prescribe the recipes such as Gangsimdan(降心丹), Jujaghwan(朱雀丸), Singyotang(神交湯), Simsinyang- gyotang(心腎兩交湯), Yugmihwan(六味丸) plus fructus schizandrae(五味子), radix polygalae(遠志), Yugmihwan(六味丸) plus fructus schizandrae(五味子), radix polygalae(遠志), rhizoma acari graminei(石菖蒲), semen zizyphi spinosae(酸棗仁), etc., 6. The type of mental confusion due to phlegm(痰迷心竅型) occurs when the depressed vital energy(氣鬱) create phlegm retention(痰飮) and phlegm stagnancy(痰濁) put the heart and sprit(心神) out of order. The symptoms arc amnesia(健忘), dizziness(頭暈), chest distress(胸悶), nausea(惡心), dull(神思欠敏), dull and slow facial expression(表情遲鈍), tongue with yellow and greasy fur(舌苔黃?), sliperry pulse(脈滑). The remedy is removing heat from the heart to restore consciousness and dispersing phlegm(淸心化痰開竅) I can prescribe the recipes such as Gamibogryeongtang(加味茯?湯), Goa-rujisiltang(瓜蔞枳實湯), Jusaansinhwan(朱砂安神丸), Dodamtang(導痰湯) plus radix saussurea(木香), Yijintang(二陳湯) plus succus phyllostachyos(竹瀝), rhizoma zingiberis(生薑) Ondamtang(溫膽湯) plus rhizoma acori graminei(石菖蒲), rhizoma curcumae aromaticae(鬱金), etc., 7. The type of accumulation of stagnant blood(蓄血型) occurs when the blood is accumulated in the lower part of body. The symptoms are amnesia(健忘), chest distress(胸悶), icteric skin(身黃), rinsing the mouth but don't wanting eat(漱水不欲燕), madness(發狂), black stool(屎黑), pain in the lower abdomen(小腹硬痛). The remedy is dispersing phlegm and absorb clots (化痰化瘀), I can prescribe the recipes such as Jeodangtang(抵當湯), Daejeodanghwan(代抵當丸), Hyeolbuchugeotang (血府逐瘀湯) plus rhizoma acori graminei (石菖蒲), rhizoma curcumae aromaticae(鬱金), Jusaansinhwan(朱砂安神丸) plus rhizoma curcumae aromaticae(鬱金), radix polygalae(遠志), semen persicae(桃仁), cortex moutan radicis(收丹皮), etc., 8. The type of internal injury by seven emotion(七情所傷型) occurs when the anger injures the will stored in the kidney(腎志). The symptoms are amnesia(健忘), heart palpitation(心悸). hot temper(易怒), being easy to be scared(善驚), panic(易恐). The remedy is relieving the depressed liver and regulating the circulation of qi(疏肝解鬱). I can prescribe the recipes such as Tongultang(通鬱湯), Sihosogantang(柴胡疏肝湯) plus rhizoma acari graminei(石菖蒲), rhizoma curcumae aromaticae(鬱金), etc.