• Computers and Concrete
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.285-298
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• 2007

Corrosion of Reinforcement (rebar) is nondestructively estimated by the half-cell potential measurement. As is the case with other nondestructive testings (NDT), understanding of the underlying principles should be clarified in order to obtain meaningful results. Therefore, the measurement of potentials in concrete is analytically investigated. The effect of internal defects on the potentials measured is clarified numerically by the boundary element method (BEM). Thus, a simplified inversion by BEM is applied to convert the potentials on concrete surface to those on rebars, taking into account the concrete resistivity. Because the potentials measured on concrete surface are so sensitive to moisture content, concrete resistivity and surface condition, an inverse procedure to convert the potentials on concrete surface into those on rebars is developed on the basis of BEM. It is found that ASTM criterion is practically applicable to estimate corrosion from the potential values converted. In experiments, an applicability of the procedure is examined by accelerated corrosion tests of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs. For practical use, the procedure is developed where results of IBEM are visualized by VRML (Virtual Reality modeling Language) in three-dimensional space.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.232-241
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• 2012

This work focused on corrosion of carbon steel bolted GECM/Al parts in tap water and NaCl solutions. In tap water and NaCl solutions, open circuit potential of GECM and its potentials in a series of carbon steel bolt>Ti>Al became active. Regardless of test materials, open circuit potentials in tap water were noble, and increasing NaCl concentration, its potentials became active. Immersion test of single specimen showed that no corrosion occur in Ti and GECM. In tap water, carbon steel bolt didn't show red corrosion product and in chloride solutions, corrosion rate in 1% NaCl solution was greater than its rate in 3.5% NaCl solution and red corrosion product in 1% NaCl solution was earlier observed than that in 3.5% NaCl solution. It seems that this behavior would be related to zinc-coatings on the surface of carbon stee l bolt. On the other hand, aluminium was corroded in tap water and chloride solutions. Corrosion of aluminium in tap water was due to the presence of chloride ion in tap water by sterilizing process.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2006

Al-Mg alloy, an open rack vaporizer(ORV) material was reported to be corroded in seawater environments though the ORV material was coupled to thermally sprayed Al-Zn alloy functioning a sacrificial anode. In addition, the corrosion behavior based on the calculated corrosion potential did not match the observed corrosion behavior. Hence, the goal of this study is to get better understanding on Al or Al-Mg alloy coupled to Al-Zn alloy and to provide the calculated corrosion potential representing the corrosion behavior of the ORV material by immersion test, electrochemical tests, and calculation of corrosion and galvanic potential. The corrosion potentials of Al and Al alloys also depended on alloying element as well as surface defects. The corrosion potentials of Al and Al-Mg alloy were changed with time. In the meantime, the corrosion potentials of Al-Zn alloys were not. The corrosion rates of Al-Zn alloys were exponentially increased with zinc contents. The phenomena were explained with the stability of passive film proved by passive current density depending on pH and confirmed by the model proposed by McCafferty. Dissimilar material crevice corrosion (DMCC) test shows that higher content of zinc caused Al-Mg alloy corroded more rapidly, which was due to the fact that higher corrosion rate of Al-Zn makes [$H^+$] and [$Cl^-$] more concentrated within pit solution to corrode Al-Mg alloy. Considering electrochemical reactions within pit as well as bulk in the calculation gives better prediction on the corrosion behavior of Al and Al-Mg alloy as well as the capability of Al-Zn alloy for corrosion protection.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.97-105
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• 2000

The stress corrosion cracking(SCC) and hydrogen embrittlement cracking(HEC) characteristics of a weathering steel weldment were investigated in aerated acid-chloride solution. The electrochemical properties of weldment were investigated by polarization test and galvanic corrosion test. Weathering steel did not show passive behavior in the acid-chloride solution. Galvanic corrosion between the weld metal and the base metal was not observed because the base metal was anodic to the weld metal. The slow-strain-rate tests(SSRT0 were conducted at a constant strain rate o 7.87×{TEX}$10^{-7}${/TEX}/s at corrosion potential, and at potentiostatically controlled anodic and cathodic potentials. The weldment of weathering steel was susceptible to both anodic dissolution SCC and hydrogen evolution HEC.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2008

The cyclic polarisation technique was applied to determine the corrosion, primary-passivation, transpassive, and protection potential of AISI 316L stainless steels immersed in 3550-ppm NaCl solution containing sulfate in the content up to 3000 ppm. The solutions were kept constant at $27^{\circ}C$ and saturated by laboratory air. The solution pH was varied from 3 to 11. Each type of potentials was plotted in function of pH and linked as lines to determine the different zones in the constructed potential-pH diagram. The predominant regimes of the immunity, general corrosion, perfect passivation, imperfect passivation, and pitting corrosion were determined based on those lines of potentials. Comparing to the potential-pH diagram of specimens immersed in the aerated and deaerated 3550-ppm NaCl solutions, the addition of 3000-ppm $Na_2SO_4$ to these solutions increased the overall, perfect and imperfect, passivation regime by shifting the transpassive-potential line to the noble direction. However, it also widened the imperfect passivation area. The addition of $Na_2SO_4$ did not significantly affect the corrosion potential. It was found that the dissolved oxygen tends to negatively shift the transpassive-potential and protection-potential lines at all studied pH. The considerable effect of dissolved oxygen on corrosion and primary-passivation potentials could not be observed.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.307-316
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• 2003

Salt spray, CASS(copper accelerated acetic salt spray) and EC(electrolytic corrosion) tests were performed in order to evaluate the corrosion resistance of plated Ni and Ni-Cr layers on Fe substrate. Compared with the conventional methods such as salt spray and CASS, the electrochemical method such as EC test may be beneficial in terms of test time span and quantitative accuracy. Furthermore, EC test can also become the alternative method to evaluate the resistance to corrosion of coatings by measuring the corrosion potentials of the coated layers in the electrolyte during the off-time of EC cycles. Compared with the corrosion potentials of pure iron, nickel, chromium, those potentials of coated layers can be used to anticipate the extent of corrosion. Results showed that in terms of the test time span, EC test gave 14 times and 21 times faster results than the salt spray test in cases of $5\mu\textrm{m}$ Ni and $20\mu\textrm{m}$ Ni plated layers, respectively. In addition, EC test also offered the shorter test time span than CASS test in cases of $5 \mu\textrm{m}$ Ni + $0.5\mu\textrm{m}$ Cr, and $20\mu\textrm{m}$ Ni + $0.5\mu\textrm{m}$ Cr on Fe substrate by 78 times and 182 times, respectively. Therefore, EC test can be regarded as the better method to evaluate the resistance to corrosion of coated layers than the conventional methods such as salt spray and CASS.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.782-792
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• 2004

The effects of sealing solution for anodized Mg-Al alloys and their corrosion resistance property were investigated. focusing on the effects of anodizing potentials aluminum contents and sealing solutions. All of the anodized specimens showed better corrosion resistance than that of non-anodized specimens, regardless of applied potentials. It was found that the anodic film formed at 4 V had the best corrosion resistance. The sealing effects were improved by increasing the temperature of distilled water. the pH of solution and the relative intensity ratio of $Mg(OH)_2$.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.58-67
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• 2016

The corrosion behavior of duplex stainless steel AISI 2205 was investigated in ethylene glycol-water mixture in the presence of 50 W/V % LiBr at different concentrations and different temperatures. Cyclic polarization, impedance measurements and Mott-Schottky analysis were used to study the corrosion behavior the semi conductive properties of the passive films. The results showed that with increasing in the ethylene glycol concentration to 10 V/V%, the corrosion rate of the steel alloy substrate increased. In higher concentrations of ethylene glycol, corrosion current of steel decreased. The results of scanning electron microscopy of electrode surface confirmed the electrochemical tests. Electrochemical experiment showed that duplex steel was stable for pitting corrosion in this environment. The increase in the ethylene glycol concentration led to increasing the susceptibility to pitting corrosion. The corrosion current increased as the temperature rise and also pitting potentials and repassivation potentials shifted towards the less positive values as the temperature increased. According to Mott-Schottky analysis, passive films of stainless steel at the different temperatures showed both n-type and p-type semiconductor behavior in different potential.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.125-130
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• 2011

This study was performed to improve the corrosion resistance and the stability of passive film on copper tube by potentiostatic polarization method in synthetic tap water. Formation of passive film was carried out by anodic potentiostatic polarization at various passivation potentials and passivation times in 0.1 M NaOH solution. Stability of passive film and corrosion resistance was evaluated by self-activation time, ${\tau}_0$ from passive state to active state on open-circuit state in 0.1 M NaOH solution. Addition of polyphosphate in NaOH solution prolonged the self-activation time and improved the corrosion resistance, and the addition of 5 ppm polyphosphate was most effective. It was also observed that better corrosion resistance was obtained by potentiostatic polarization at 1.0 V (vs. SCE) than at any other passivation potentials. Passivated copper tube showed perfect corrosion resistance for the immersion test in synthetic tap water showing that the anodic potentiostatic polarization treatment in 0.1 M NaOH with 5 ppm polyphosphate solution would be effective in improving the corrosion resistance and preventing the blue water problem.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.179-182
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• 2004

The aim of this study is to investigate the initiation and propagation of crevice corrosion for ferritic stainless steel in artificial crevice based on micro capillary tube method. The 430 stainless steel in artificial crevice is potentiostatically polarized in different sodium chloride solutions. Potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarization data were measured in situ. The potentials in the crevice were measured by depth profile using the 0.04 mm diameter micro capillary tube inserted in the crevice. The potentials in the crevice ranged from -220 mV to -360 mV vs SCE from opening to bottom of crevice, which are lower than the external surface potential, -200 mV vs SCE. Such a potential drop induced the change of the metal surface state from passive to active. The surface of metal is located in passive state in -200 mV but the inner surface keeps active state below -220 mV, Thus these results show that the It drop mechanism in the crevice was more objective for evaluation and the method was easier to reproduce. Therefore the potential drop is one of the reasons for crevice corrosion by measuring the potentials in narrow crevice with a new micro measuring system.