• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1228-1240
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• 2023

Objective: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary crude protein (CP) on growth performance, blood profiles, diarrhea incidence, nutrient digestibility, and odor emission in weaning pigs. Methods: A total of 240 weaning ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) pigs (8.25±0.050 kg body weight [BW]) were assigned to six treatments based on sex and initial BW, with five replicates of eight pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. Experimental diets with different crude protein levels for early and late weaning phases were as follows: i) CP16, corn-soybean-based diet containing 16%/15% CP; ii) CP17, corn-soybean-based diet containing 17%/16% CP; iii) CP18, corn-soybean-based diet containing 18%/17% CP; iv) CP19, corn-soybean-based diet containing 19%/18% CP; v) CP20, corn-soybean-based diet containing 20%/19% CP; and vi) CP21, corn-soybean-based diet containing 21%/20% CP. Results: In the early weaning period, average daily feed intake increased when the dietary CP level decreased (linear, p<0.05). During the entire experimental period, average daily gain and the gain to feed ratio decreased when the dietary CP level increased (linear, p<0.01). Additionally, a decrease in dietary CP level resulted in a linear increase in final BW (linear, p<0.05). In the early and late weaning periods, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) decreased when the dietary CP level decreased (linear, p<0.01). There were no significant differences in creatinine, glucose, total protein, triglyceride or insulin-like factor-1 levels over the experimental period. The concentrations of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG were not significantly affected by dietary CP levels during the experimental period. In the early weaning period, fecal and urine N decreased when the dietary CP level decreased (linear, p<0.01). No differences in nutrient digestibility among the treatments during the early weaning period were found. Throughout the whole experimental period, when the dietary CP level decreased in the weaning pig diet, the diarrhea incidence decreased linearly (linear, p<0.01). Throughout the whole experimental period, when the dietary CP level decreased in the weaning pig diet, ammonia, amines and hydrogen sulfide decreased linearly (linear, p<0.01). Conclusion: Reducing dietary CP could decrease diarrhea incidence, the concentration of BUN in serum and odor emission in manure. Furthermore, it could improve N excretion in feces and urine and growth performance in weaning pigs.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1263-1273
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of crude protein (CP) levels on the physiological response, reproductive performance, blood profiles, milk composition and odor emission in gestating sows. Methods: Seventy-two multiparous sows (Yorkshire×Landrace) of average body weight (BW), backfat thickness, and parity were assigned to one of six treatments with 10 or 11 sows per treatment in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets with different CP levels were as follows: i) CP11, corn-soybean-based diet containing 11% CP; ii) CP12, corn-soybean-based diet containing 12% CP; iii) CP13, corn-soybean-based diet containing 13% CP; iv) CP14, corn-soybean-based diet containing 14% CP; v) CP15, corn-soybean-based diet containing 15% CP; and vi) CP16: corn-soybean-based diet containing 16% CP. Results: There was no significant difference in the performance of sow or piglet growth when sows were fed different dietary protein levels. Milk fat (linear, p = 0.05) and total solids (linear, p = 0.04) decreased as dietary CP levels increased. Increasing dietary CP levels in the gestation diet caused a significant increase in creatinine at days 35 and 110 of gestation (linear, p = 0.01; linear, p = 0.01). The total protein in sows also increased as dietary CP levels increased during the gestation period and 24 hours postpartum (linear, p = 0.01; linear, p = 0.01). During the whole experimental period, an increase in urea in sows was observed when sows were fed increasing levels of dietary CP (linear, p = 0.01), and increasing blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were observed as well. In the blood parameters of piglets, there were linear improvements in creatinine (linear, p = 0.01), total protein (linear, p = 0.01), urea (linear, p = 0.01), and BUN (linear, p = 0.01) with increasing levels of dietary CP as measured 24 hours postpartum. At two measurement points (days 35 and 110) of gestation, the odor gas concentration, including amine, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide, increased linearly when sows fed diets with increasing levels of dietary CP (linear, p = 0.01). Moreover, as dietary CP levels increased to 16%, the odor gas concentration was increased with a quadratic response (quadratic, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Reducing dietary CP levels from 16% to 11% in a gestating diet did not exert detrimental effects on sow body condition or piglet performance. Moreover, a low protein diet (11% CP) may improve dietary protein utilization and metabolism to reduce odor gas emissions in manure and urine in gestating sows.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.99-108
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• 1984

본 시험의 기초사료의 에너지수준을 고정하고 단백질수준을 10%에서 30%까지 달리하여 rapid bioassay 방법과 true metabolizable energy(TME) bioassay 방법을 통해 옥수수와 대두백의 apparent metabolizable energy of Farrell (AM $E_{F}$ ), Corrected AM $E_{F}$ (AM $E_{FC}$ )와 AME, TME 가 AME, TME가 측정시 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 실시한 결과 다음의 성적을 얻었다. 1. 기초사료의 AM $E_{F}$ 치는 각 처리간 현저한 유의차가 인정되었으나( P＜0.05) 옥수수와 대두박의 AM $E_{F}$ 치는 전처리간 유의차가 없었다(P＞0.05). 기초사료의 AM $E_{FC}$ 치는 처리간 유의성이 인정된( P＜0.05) 반면 옥수수는 유의차가 없었고(P＞0.05) 대두박은 20% crude protein(CP), 30% CP 처리는 타 처리와 비교시 현저히 낮았다( P＜0.05). 2. AM $E_{F}$ 와 AM $E_{FC}$ 측정시 섭취량은 일정치 못하여 단백섭취량도 처리간 뚜렷한 차가 없었다. 3. 기초사료 및 옥수수, 대두박의 AME가는 전처리간 현저한 차가 없었던(P＞0.05). 반면 TME가는 처리간 일정한 경향없이 유의차가 있었는데 (P＜0.05) 이는 metabolic fecal energy＋endogenous urinary energy(FEm＋UEe) 손실량이 개체마다 급이한 사료에 따라 차가 있었는데 기인한 것이었다. 4. 채분시간별 (24시간 이 30시간) 기초사료의 AME, TME치는 10, 15, 20% CP 수준에선 유의차(P＜0.05)가 인정되었지만 옥수수와 대두백의 AME, TME 치는 채분시간에 따라 영향 받지 않았다. 이는 단백수준에 상관없이 채분시간은 24시간으로 충분하다고 생각된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.913-920
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• 2003

In vitro와 in vivo에서 양조간장과 glucose-lysine 모델 멜라노이딘의 항산화효과를 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. In vitro에서 양조간장과 멜라노이딘의 항산화효과를 linoleic acid emulsion계를 이용하여 비교하였을 때 양조간장과 멜라노이딘은 대조군에 비해 우수한 항산화활성을 나타내었고 특히 양조간장의 효과가 더 우수한 것으로 나타났다. DPPH 라디칼 소거활성 역시 멜라노이딘에 비해 양조간장의 효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 지방산 조성이 상이한 옥수수기름과 어유를 섭취시킨 흰쥐에 10% 양조간장 및 멜라노이딘을 5주간 섭취시켰을 때 간의 지방산 조성은 섭취 지방산에 따라 차이가 뚜렷하였으나 양조간장과 멜라노이딘의 효과는 대조군과 유사하였다. 지질 과산화물 생성정도를 TBARS로 측정하였을 때 불포화지방산 함량이 높은 어유 섭취군에서 지질과산화가 증가하였으며 간장과 멜라노이딘은 지질과산화를 억제하는 효과를 나타내었다. CL(chemilurninescence)-HPLC 방법을 이용하여 간과 혈장의 막 인지질 PCOOH 함량을 측정한 결과, 어유의 섭취는 옥수수기름 섭취 군에 비해 지질 과산화를 월등히 증가시켰고 양조간장과 멜라노이딘의 섭취는 유의적으로 지질 과산화를 억제한 것으로 나타났다. 특히 양조간장의 효과가 멜라노이딘 보다 우수하여 이는 콩유래 항산화물질인 수용성 펩티드나 저분자 단백질들이 효과적으로 항산화활성을 나타낸 것으로 여겨지며, 불포화지방산이 높은 식품의 섭취시 간장을 소스로 이용하는 것이 지질의 과산화를 억제할 것으로 기대되어진다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제13권
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• pp.83-92
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• 1973

In order to compare the forage value and to promote the growth without the hindrance of rice transplanting period for several forage crops as prior crops of paddy field, this experiment was conducted. Three kinds of foliar application, such solution as Urea, Gibb. and Gibb. +Urea were applied to promote the growth. The results gained are summarized as follows; 1. According to the forage crops, there were large difference of yields. The rankings of yield were shown as follows; Fresh weightㆍDry weight : Oats. Italian rye grass. White clover. Corn. Soybean. Crude protein content: Soybean. White clover. Corn. Italian rye grass. Oats. Crude protein Yield: White clover. Italian rye grass. Oats. Corn. Soybean. 2. The ranking of suitable forage crops as prior crops of paddy field were Oats, Italian rye grass, White clover, but Corn and Soybean were unsuited. 3. In general, length of stem, length and width of leaf were enlarged such rank as foliar application of Urea, Gibb. and Gibb. + Urea solution. There were apt to be increased fresh and dry weight by growth of stem length, these trend were shown among all crops and between foliar applications of same crops. 4. All crops were shown not only promoted growth but also increased yield by every treatments. The order of application effects were as follows; Fresh weigthㆍDry weigth: Gibb., Gibb. +Urea, Urea. Crude protein content and yield: Urea, Gibb, Gibb. + Urea. 5. In Oats, heading date was more accelerated 1, 2 and 3 days than control by foliar application of Urea, Gibb. and Gibb. + Urea respectively.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.157-165
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• 1992

양어 사료에 피드오일을 첨가하면 사료 효율이 향상된다. 나일틸라피아가 요구하는 필수 지방산의 종류를 알아보기 위하여 대두유 및 옥수수유 등의 식물유 및 오징어 간유, 어유를 사료에 첨가하고 사육하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. n-6 계열이 풍부한 식물유를 투여 한 실험구가 n-3 계열의 어유를 투여한 실험구 보다 성장이 좋았으며 그 중에서도 대두유 첨가구가 가장 양호하였다. 총 지질중의 20 : 3n-9의 수준은 유지의 종류에 따라 현저한 차이는 없었으나 극성 지질중의 20 : 3n-9의 수준은 어유 및 오징어 간유 보다는 식물유구에서 낮게 나타났다. 틸라피아 사료에 첨가하는 지질로서는 n-6 계열을 많이 포함하는 것이 적당할 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.183-197
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• 2006

Combinations of visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands in an image are widely used for estimating vegetation vigor and productivity. Using this approach to understand within-field grain crop variability could allow pre-harvest estimates of yield, and might enable mapping of yield variations without use of a combine yield monitor. The objective of this study was to estimate within-field variations in crop yield using vegetation indices derived from hyperspectral images. Hyperspectral images were acquired using an aerial sensor on multiple dates during the 2003 and 2004 cropping seasons for corn and soybean fields in central Missouri. Vegetation indices, including intensity normalized red (NR), intensity normalized green (NG), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), green NDVI (gNDVI), and soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), were derived from the images using wavelengths from 440 nm to 850 nm, with bands selected using an iterative procedure. Accuracy of yield estimation models based on these vegetation indices was assessed by comparison with combine yield monitor data. In 2003, late-season NG provided the best estimation of both corn $(r^2\;=\;0.632)$ and soybean $(r^2\;=\;0.467)$ yields. Stepwise multiple linear regression using multiple hyperspectral bands was also used to estimate yield, and explained similar amounts of yield variation. Corn yield variability was better modeled than was soybean yield variability. Remote sensing was better able to estimate yields in the 2003 season when crop growth was limited by water availability, especially on drought-prone portions of the fields. In 2004, when timely rains during the growing season provided adequate moisture across entire fields and yield variability was less, remote sensing estimates of yield were much poorer $(r^2<0.3)$.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.185-191
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate different herbicides for optimum growth, yield and nutritive value of corn-soybean mixed forage under randomized complete block design. The experimental site was selected and divided equally into 3 blocks. Each block was further divided into 5 plots that each plot had 15 square meter space ($3{\times}5$). Five herbicidal treatments were randomly applied over 5 plots and herbicides were used under 5 herbicidal treatments, viz. 1) No herbicide (control); 2) Pendimethalin; 3) Linuron; 4) S-metolachlor and 5) Ethalfluralin. The collected data were analyzed using ANOVA through SAS 9.1.3 software. The results indicated that growth characteristics were not influenced (p > 0.05) by any herbicide. However, arithmetically corn stalk height was highest in the field of Pendimethalin treatment, whereas highest soybean height was found in the field of S-metolachlor. Arithmetically dry matter (DM) yield was increased with herbicidal treatments as compared to that of control treatment. Relatively highest DM yield (130%) was recorded in the treatment of Ethalfluralin followed by Pendimethalin (126%), S-metolachlor (126%) and Linuron (108%) as compared to that of control treatment. The weed emergence was significantly reduced in all herbicidal treatments as compared to that of control (p > 0.05), but the difference among herbicidal treatments was non-significant. It was concluded that weed emergence can be effectively controlled by use of any tested herbicide. However, optimum DM yield can be achieved through using herbicides; Ethalfluralin, Pendimethalin and S-metolachlor.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.1365-1374
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the synergistic effect of exogenous multienzyme and phytase on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, blood metabolites, intestinal microflora, and morphology in broilers fed corn-wheat-soybean meal diets. Methods: A 2×2 factorial design was used in this study. Four dietary treatments consisted of i) basal diets (corn-wheat-soybean meal based diets without multi-enzyme and phytase), ii) basal diets with phytase (0.05%), iii) basal diets with exogenous multi-enzyme (0.05%), and iv) basal diets with exogenous multi-enzyme including phytase (0.05%). A total of 480 broiler chickens (Ross 308 - one day old) were weighed and allotted to thirty-two cages (15 birds per cage), and chicks were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments. Results: The body weight gain and feed conversion rate were improved by supplementation of exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase during the finisher period (p<0.05). The birds fed diets with exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase had a significantly greater digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus compared with birds fed non-supplemented diets (p<0.05). The chickens fed diets with exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase showed a higher concentration of Ca and P in the serum (p<0.05). The population of Lactobacillus spp., Escherichia coli, and Clostridium were not affected in the ileum and cecum of chickens fed enzyme-supplemented diets. The dietary supplemental exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase showed a significant improvement in villus height, crypt depth, and villus height and crypt depth ratio, compared to basal diets or dietary supplemental phytase (p<0.05). Conclusion: The supplementation of the exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase synergistically improved the growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and villus height of the small intestine of broiler chickens fed a corn-wheat-soybean meal based diets.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.259-268
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• 2015

This study investigated the chemical characteristics and microbial population during incubation of four kinds of aerated compost teas based on oriental medicinal herbs compost, vermicompost, rice straw compost, and mixtures of three composts (MOVR). It aimed to determine the effects of the aerated compost tea (ACT) based on MOVR on the growth promotion of red leaf lettuce, soybean and sweet corn. Findings showed that the pH level and EC of the compost tea slightly increased based on the incubation time except for rice straw compost tea. All compost teas except for oriental medicinal herbs and rice straw compost tea contained more ${NO^-}_3-N$ than ${NH^+}_4-N$. Plate counts of bacteria and fungi were significantly higher than the initial compost in ACT. Microbial communities of all ACT were predominantly bacteria. The dominant bacterial genera were analyzed as Bacillus (63.0%), Ochrobactrum (13.0%), Spingomonas (6.0%) and uncultured bacterium (4.0%) by 16S rDNA analysis. The effect of four concentrations, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8% MOVR on the growth of red leaf lettuce, soybean and sweet corn was also studied in the greenhouse. The red leaf lettuce with 0.4% MOVR had the most effective concentration on growth parameters in foliage part. However, 0.8% MOVR significantly promoted the growth of root and shoot of both soybean and sweet corn. The soybean treated with higher MOVR concentration was more effective in increasing the root nodule formation by 7.25 times than in the lower MOVR concentrations Results indicated that ACT could be used as liquid nutrient fertilizer with active microorganisms for culture of variable crops under organic farming condition.