• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.129-137
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• 2023

Corn silage is extensively utilized in ruminant feeding on a global scale, with substantial research efforts directed towards enhancing its nutritional worth and managing moisture content. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of normal cutting height and elevated cutting height on whole-crop corn silage. Corn was harvested at heights of 15 cm and 45 cm above the ground, respectively, 45 days after heading. The harvested corn was cut into 2-3 cm lengths and packed into 20-liter plastic silos in triplicate. The results showed that dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of C45 were significantly higher than those of the control, while the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was significantly lower in C45 (p<0.05). The C15 had higher yields than C45 (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield of whole-crop corn silage. The increase in cutting height resulted in a larger change in moisture content and NDF per centimeter. After 60 days-ensiling, C45 showed significantly lower NH₃-N concentrations. Moreover, C45 had significantly higher lactic acid concentration, lactic acid/acetic acid ratio, and lactic acid bacteria count compared to the control. Mold was not detected and the yeast count was less than 2 log10 cfu/g fresh matter in both control and C45. In summary, C45 improved the feeding value and fermentation quality of whole-crop corn silage at the expense of forage productivity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.528-533
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• 2009

The fermentative quality and quantitative change in anthocyanin of anthocyanin-rich corn (Zea mays L.) during storage and in vitro ruminal fermentation were studied. The anthocyanin-rich corn silages in bag silo, drum silo and round bale had good fermentative qualities, such as low pH (5% DM) and butyric acid-free, and its quality was maintained for more than 370 d. The amount of anthocyanin in the anthocyanin-rich corn decreased after ensiling by about 45% (from 3.34 to 1.88 mg/g DM), but stayed constant after day 60. The in vitro incubation of the anthocyanin-rich corn with ruminal fluid revealed little degradation of anthocyanin. These results indicate that the anthocyanin had no negative effect on silage fermentation, and the anthocyanin-rich corn silage is utilizable for practical use as a feedstuff. Our results also demonstrate alteration of the anthocyanin content during storage, and show that anthocyanin-rich corn is a suitable antioxidant source for ruminants because of the high stability of the anthocyanin in ruminal fluid.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.224-232
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• 2019

Objective: Apart from various climatic differences, corn harvest stage and varieties are two major factors that can influence the yield and quality of corn silage in the tropics. A study was conducted to determine the optimum harvest stage of four corn varieties for silage production in Malaysia. Methods: Corn was harvested at four growth stages; silking, milk, dough, and dent stages from four varieties; Sweet Corn hybrid 926, Suwan, breeding test line (BTL) 1 and BTL 2. Using a split plot design, the treatments were then analysed based on the plant growth performance, yield, nutritive and feeding values followed by a financial feasibility study for potential commercialization. Results: Significant differences and interactions were detected across the parameters suggesting varying responses among the varieties towards the harvest stages. Sweet Corn was best harvested early in the dough stage due to high dry matter (DM) yield, digestible nutrient, and energy content with low fibre portion. Suwan was recommended to be harvested at the dent stage when it gave the highest DM yield with optimum digestible nutrient and energy content with low acid detergent fibre. BTL 1 and BTL 2 varieties can either be harvested at dough or dent stages as the crude protein, crude fibre, DM yield, DM content, digestible nutrient and energy were not significantly different at either stage. Further financial analysis showed that only Sweet Corn production was not financially feasible while Suwan had the best financial appraisal values among the grain varieties. Conclusion: In conclusion, only the grain varieties tested had the potential for silage making according to their optimum harvest stage but Suwan is highly recommended for commercialization as it was the most profitable.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2022

본 연구는 사료비의 절감을 위해 배합사료 비율을 줄이고 조사료 비율을 높이면서 한우 고급육으로 생산할 수 있는 방법을 찾아내기 위해 수행하였다. 대조구(고급육 사양)와 옥수수 사일리지 급여구(대조구 대비 배합사료 66% 급여 및 옥수수 사일리지)의 성장, 도체성적 및 등심근육 내유전자 발현에 미치는 영향에 대하여 분석했다. 옥수수 사일리지 급여는 비육 후기의 일당 증체량 및 출하체중이 수치적으로 낮게 나타났지만 유의미한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 도체특성에서도 옥수수 사일리지 급여구가 도체중, 등심단면적 및 근내 지방도가 수치적으로 낮게 나타났지만 유의미한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 육량 A등급 출현은 옥수수 사일리지 급여구가 23% 높게 나타났으며, 육질 1⁺⁺등급 출현율은 대조구가 17% 높게 나타났다. 이는 옥수수 사일리지 급여구가 대조구 대비 배합사료 급여량이 적음으로 인해 나타난 결과로 보여진다. 등심내 유전자 발현에서는 옥수수 사일리지 급여구가 근육발달 유전자 발현이 높게 나타났으며, 지방발달 유전자 발현에서는 대조구가 높게 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과 배합사료의 고급육 사양 대비 옥수수 사일리지 사양이 육질 1⁺⁺등급의 출현이 다소 감소하지만 육량 A등급의 출현을 높여주므로 사료비 절감의 생산 방법 중 하나로 될 수 있을 것으로 보여진다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.61-72
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• 2022

옥수수사일리지와 대두 사일리지를 다양한 수준으로 혼합한 사일리지의 in vitro 반추위 발효성상을 평가하는 실험(실험 1)에서 가스발생량은 대두 사일리지의 혼합비율이 증가할수록 배양 48시간을 제외한 모든 발효시간에서 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 암모니아태 질소의 발생량은 배양 24시간에 대두 사일리지 대체율이 증가할수록 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 건물소화율은 배양 6시간을 제외한 전 배양시간에서 대두 사일리지의 첨가량이 감소함에 따라 낮은 경향을 보였고, acetate와 propionate를 비롯한 총 휘발성 지방산 생성량은 대두 사일리지의 함량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 두번째 실험인 옥수수와 대두 혼합사일리지(4%, 원물기준)를 급여한 육성기 거세한우 사양실험에서 육성기에 옥수수-대두 혼합사일리지 급여구의 증체량과 사료효율이 대조구 및 옥수수 사일리지 처리구와 비교하여 높았다(p<0.05). 또한, 육질등급은 처리구별 유의차가 없었지만 옥수수-대두 혼합사일리지의 급여구에서 가장 우수한 육질등급을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 옥수수 사일리지에 대두 사일리지의 첨가는 반추위 발효에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 옥수수 사일리지를 급여하는 육성기 거세 한우에게 4% 수준의 대두 사일리지 혼합급여는 증체량 및 사료효율에 영향을 미치며, 육질등급의 증가로 고급육 생산에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.169-176
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• 2018

This study evaluated the effects of Glycine soja (GS) and hairy vetch supplementation on the quality of corn silage. The feeding regimen consisted of a corn silage (Control) and a control supplemented either with 20% GS or 20% hairy vetch with four replicates. All experimental diets were stored for 40 days at room temperature ($20-25^{\circ}C$). The control had a higher (p < 0.05) dry matter level but had a lower level (p < 0.05) of crude protein, crude fat, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber than any other treatments. Hairy vetch had a higher level (p < 0.05) of acetic acid and butyric acid than any other groups but had a lower level (p < 0.05) of lactic acid than that of the control. A lower silage pH was observed (p < 0.05) in the control compared to the other treatments. The control had lower (p < 0.05) sucrose and fructose concentrations compared to the other treatments. Corn silage supplemented with hairy vetch showed a higher level (p < 0.05) of crude protein and buffer solution protein and a higher ratio of soluble protein to insoluble protein than any of the other groups. Thus, the results of the present study suggest that GS and hairy vetch supplementation of corn silage would be beneficial for maintaining quality and elevating protein levels when compared to the control.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.216-222
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• 2017

This study was conducted to examine the effect of corn (Zea mays L.) - soybean (Glycine max L.) silage prepared by intercropping method on the nutritive value of the silage, in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics, dry matter degradability, as well as milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows. In a couple of experiments intercropped corn-soybean silage (CSBS) was compared with corn silage (CS) and/or Italian ryegrass hay (IRG). Numerically, CSBS had higher crude protein, ether extract, and lactic acid contents compared to CS. In vitro rumen fermentation analysis demonstrated that up to a 24-h incubation period, both CS and CSBS showed higher total gas production, ammonia N concentration, and dry matter degradability compared to IRG (p<0.05). The investigation on animals was conducted in a commercial dairy farm located in Gyeongju, South Korea, employing 42 Holstein cows that were divided into 2 group treatments: CS and CSBS in a completely randomized design. Although no significant difference was observed in milk yield, animals fed on CSBS showed significantly higher milk protein (p<0.05) and milk fat content (p<0.01), compared to animals fed on CS. Taken together, our findings indicate that corn-soybean silage that is cultivated, harvested, and prepared through intercropping can improve the protein content of the silage, and can also enhance in vitro rumen fermentation, dry matter degradability, and performance of dairy cattle.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.187-192
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the incorporation effect of green manure crops (GMC) such as the hairy vetch on improvement of soil environment in reclaimed land during silage corn cultivation over the past two years. Plots consisted of conventional fertilization (CF) and incorporation of GMC were divided by addition rate of nitrogen fertilizer (100 kg $ha^{-1}$) with 30 - 100% of non nitrogen fertilization (NNF). Soil physico-chemical properties and growth and yield potential of silage corn were examined. The tested soils showed strong alkali and saline properties with low contents of organic matter and available phosphate while contents of exchangeable sodium and magnesium were high. Soil salinity increased during cultivation of summer crop. However, corn was not affected by salt content. The fresh weight of GMC at incorporation time was 18,345 kg $ha^{-1}$. Content of total nitrogen was 3.09% and the C/N ratio was 12.8 at incorporation time. Fresh and dry matter yield of silage corn were higher in the order of N30% reduction, CF, N50% reduction, N70% reduction, N100% reduction and NNF. Fresh and dry matter yield potential of silage corn for N30% reduction were comparable to those of CF. Bulk density of the soil decreased with incorporation of GMC, while porosity was increased. The soil pH decreased while content of exchangeable calcium, available phosphate, and organic matter increased. Also contents of exchangeable sodium and potassium decreased with incorporation of GMC. The data indicate that incorporation of hairy vetch can improve soil physical and chemical properties and reduce nitrogen fertilizer application especially for alkali saline reclaimed soil such as Saemangeum reclaimed land.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.1548-1553
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• 2000

An experiment was conducted to study the nutritional quality of whole crop corn silage ensiled with cage layer manure in sheep. Treatments were designed as a $3{\times}3$ Latin square with 16-day periods. Sheep were allotted in one of three diet-treatments, which were whole crop corn silage (CS), whole crop corn+30% cage layer manure (CLM) silage (based on DM; MS) and rice straw+concentrate (SC) mixed at 8:2 ratio (on DM basis). Silage ensiled with CLM significantly increased (p<0.05) digestibilities of crude protein, NDF and ADF, TDN over the other treatments. Ruminal pH in sheep fed SC was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the other diets at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h after feeding. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration of the MS treatment was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the other treatments at 0, 1, 2 h after feeding. The MS treatment highly increased (p<0.05) feed intake, digestibility of organic matter and crude protein, nitrogen intake and retained nitrogen. The MS treatment highly increased (p<0.05) purine derivative (PD) excretion leading to higher microbial protein synthesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.382-389
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• 2002

The aims of this study is to evaluate the effect of Aspergillus oryzae Fermentation Extract (AFE) on the performance of lactating cows in summer (May to July) and winter (December to February). The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) and dietary treatments were 1) basal diet without AFE, 2) basal plus 3 g/d AFE into the basal total mixed ration (TMR), 3) basal plus 45.4 mg AFE/kg the ensiling corn silage and 4) AFE inclusion in silage and TMR. Twenty-eight cows from each trial were selected and randomly allocated into the four treatment groups, confined in individual pens, and fed ad libitum for 8 weeks in both seasons of feeding trials. Results showed that AFE inclusion in corn silage significantly improved DM intake by 4.4% and milk yield by 3.1% (p<0.05) during summer. In the winter season, AFE inclusion in the diet significantly improved milk yield by 10%. Direct addition of AFE to the TMR even further significantly improved milk yield over the addition through corn silage by 7.4% in winter (p<0.05). An additive effect of AFE inclusion into TMR and through corn silage was also demonstrated in the winter-feeding. AFE inclusion however, did not improve DM intake during the winter trial. In the summer trial, inclusion of AFE showed an adverse effect on the percentage of milk fat, but did not impact on the milk fat yield. Adding AFE through corn silage showed a trend towards alleviating the negative effects of milk fat from direct AFE inclusion in TMR. The similar trend occurred in the winter trial. The inclusion of AFE through corn silage significantly lowered the milk protein content over direct AFE addition, but did not significantly impacted the milk protein yield in summer. AFE supplementation during the winter season significantly increased milk protein content. Adding AFE to the corn silage significantly increased milk protein content over direct AFE addition in winter although inclusion of AFE significantly decreased total milk solid content in the summer (p<0.005). During the winter season, inclusion of AFE required less DM to produce a unit of milk. Inclusion of AFE into corn silage required less DM, energy and protein to produce a unit of milk. But inclusion of AFE did not alleviate heat stress on the lactating cows.