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CT Scan Findings of Rabbit Brain Infection Model and Changes in Hounsfield Unit of Arterial Blood after Injecting Contrast Medium (토끼 뇌감염 모델의 CT 소견과 조영제 주입 후 동맥혈의 Hounsfield Unit의 변화)

  • Ha, Bon-Chul;Kwak, Byung-Kook;Jung, Ji-Sung
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.12 no.9
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    • pp.270-279
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    • 2012
  • This paper explores CT findings of a rabbit brain infection model injected with Escherichia coli and investigates the changes in Hounsfield unit (HU) of arterial blood over time. The brain infection model was produced by injecting E. coli $1{\times}10^7$ CFU/ml, 0.1 ml through the burr hole in the calvarium; 2~3 mm in depth from the dura mater, and contrast-enhanced CT, dynamic CT and arterial blood CT images were gained. It was found that various brain infections such as brain abscess, ventriculitis and meningitis. The CT image of brain abscess showed a typical pattern which the peripheral area was strongly contrast-enhanced while the center was weakly contrast-enhanced. The CT image of ventriculitis showed a strong contrast-enhancement along the lateral ventricle wall, and the CT image of meningitis showed a strong contrast-enhancement in the area between the telencephalon and the diencephalon. In dynamic CT images, the HU value of the infection core before injecting contrast medium was $31.01{\pm}3.55$. By 10 minutes after the injection, the value increased gradually to $40.36{\pm}3.76$. The HU value in the areas of the marginal rim where was hyper-enhanced showed $47.23{\pm}3.12$ before contrast injection, and it increased to $63.59{\pm}3.31$ about 45 seconds after the injection. In addition, the HU value of the normal brain tissue opposite to the E. coli. injected brain was $39.01{\pm}3.24$ before the injection, but after the contrast injection, the value increased to $49.01{\pm}4.29$ in about 30 seconds, and then it showed a gradual decline. In the arterial blood CT, the HU value before the contrast injection was $87.78{\pm}6.88$, and it increased dramatically between 10 to 30 seconds until it reached a maximum value of $749.13{\pm}98.48$. Then it fell sharply to $467.85{\pm}62.98$ between 30 seconds to 45 seconds and reached a plateau by 60 seconds. Later, the value showed a steady decrease and indicated $188.28{\pm}25.03$ at 20 minutes. Through this experiment, it was demonstrated that the brain infection model can be produced by injecting E. coli., and the characteristic of the infection model can be well observed with contrast-enhanced CT scan. The dynamic CT scan showed that the center of the infection was gradually contrast-enhanced, whereases the peripheral area was rapidly contrast-enhanced and then slowly decreased. As for arterial blood, it increased significantly between 10 seconds to 30 seconds after the contrast medium injection and decreased gradually after reaching a plateau.

Development and Application of Scientific Model Co-construction Program about Image Formation by Convex Lens (볼록렌즈가 상을 만드는 원리에 대한 과학적 모형의 사회적 구성 프로그램 개발 및 적용)

  • Park, Jeongwoo
    • Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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    • v.28 no.5
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    • pp.203-212
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    • 2017
  • A scientific model refers to a conceptual system that can describe, explain, and predict a particular physical phenomenon. The co-construction of the scientific model is attracting attention as a new teaching and learning strategy in the field of science education and various studies. The evaluation and modification of models compared with the predicted models of data from the real world is the core of modeling strategy. However, there were only a limited data provided by the teacher in many studies of modeling comparing the students' predictions of their own models. Most of the students were not given the opportunity to evaluate the suitability of the model with the data in the real world. The purpose of this study was to develop a scientific model co-construction program that can evaluate the model by directly comparing the predicted models with the observed data from the real world. Through a collaborative discussion between teachers and researchers for 6 months, a 5-session scientific model co-construction program on the subject 'image formation by convex lenses' for second grade middle school students was developed. Eighty (80) students in 3 classes and a science teacher with 20 years of service from general public co-educational middle school in Gyeonggi-do participated in this 2-week program. After the class, students were asked about the helpfulness and difficulty of the class, and whether they would like to recommend this class to a friend. After the class, 95.8% of the students constructed the scientific model more than the model using the construction rule. Students had difficulties to identify principles or understand their friends, but the result showed that they could understand through model evaluation experiment. 92.5% of the students said that they would be more than willing to recommend this program to their friends. It is expected that the developed program will be applied to the school and contribute to the improvement of students' modeling ability and co-construction ability.

Feasibility of Deep Learning Algorithms for Binary Classification Problems (이진 분류문제에서의 딥러닝 알고리즘의 활용 가능성 평가)

  • Kim, Kitae;Lee, Bomi;Kim, Jong Woo
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.95-108
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    • 2017
  • Recently, AlphaGo which is Bakuk (Go) artificial intelligence program by Google DeepMind, had a huge victory against Lee Sedol. Many people thought that machines would not be able to win a man in Go games because the number of paths to make a one move is more than the number of atoms in the universe unlike chess, but the result was the opposite to what people predicted. After the match, artificial intelligence technology was focused as a core technology of the fourth industrial revolution and attracted attentions from various application domains. Especially, deep learning technique have been attracted as a core artificial intelligence technology used in the AlphaGo algorithm. The deep learning technique is already being applied to many problems. Especially, it shows good performance in image recognition field. In addition, it shows good performance in high dimensional data area such as voice, image and natural language, which was difficult to get good performance using existing machine learning techniques. However, in contrast, it is difficult to find deep leaning researches on traditional business data and structured data analysis. In this study, we tried to find out whether the deep learning techniques have been studied so far can be used not only for the recognition of high dimensional data but also for the binary classification problem of traditional business data analysis such as customer churn analysis, marketing response prediction, and default prediction. And we compare the performance of the deep learning techniques with that of traditional artificial neural network models. The experimental data in the paper is the telemarketing response data of a bank in Portugal. It has input variables such as age, occupation, loan status, and the number of previous telemarketing and has a binary target variable that records whether the customer intends to open an account or not. In this study, to evaluate the possibility of utilization of deep learning algorithms and techniques in binary classification problem, we compared the performance of various models using CNN, LSTM algorithm and dropout, which are widely used algorithms and techniques in deep learning, with that of MLP models which is a traditional artificial neural network model. However, since all the network design alternatives can not be tested due to the nature of the artificial neural network, the experiment was conducted based on restricted settings on the number of hidden layers, the number of neurons in the hidden layer, the number of output data (filters), and the application conditions of the dropout technique. The F1 Score was used to evaluate the performance of models to show how well the models work to classify the interesting class instead of the overall accuracy. The detail methods for applying each deep learning technique in the experiment is as follows. The CNN algorithm is a method that reads adjacent values from a specific value and recognizes the features, but it does not matter how close the distance of each business data field is because each field is usually independent. In this experiment, we set the filter size of the CNN algorithm as the number of fields to learn the whole characteristics of the data at once, and added a hidden layer to make decision based on the additional features. For the model having two LSTM layers, the input direction of the second layer is put in reversed position with first layer in order to reduce the influence from the position of each field. In the case of the dropout technique, we set the neurons to disappear with a probability of 0.5 for each hidden layer. The experimental results show that the predicted model with the highest F1 score was the CNN model using the dropout technique, and the next best model was the MLP model with two hidden layers using the dropout technique. In this study, we were able to get some findings as the experiment had proceeded. First, models using dropout techniques have a slightly more conservative prediction than those without dropout techniques, and it generally shows better performance in classification. Second, CNN models show better classification performance than MLP models. This is interesting because it has shown good performance in binary classification problems which it rarely have been applied to, as well as in the fields where it's effectiveness has been proven. Third, the LSTM algorithm seems to be unsuitable for binary classification problems because the training time is too long compared to the performance improvement. From these results, we can confirm that some of the deep learning algorithms can be applied to solve business binary classification problems.

Study on Volume Measurement of Cerebral Infarct using SVD and the Bayesian Algorithm (SVD와 Bayesian 알고리즘을 이용한 뇌경색 부피 측정에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Do-Hun;Lee, Hyo-Young
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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    • v.15 no.5
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    • pp.591-602
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    • 2021
  • Acute ischemic stroke(AIS) should be diagnosed within a few hours of onset of cerebral infarction symptoms using diagnostic radiology. In this study, we evaluated the clinical usefulness of SVD and the Bayesian algorithm to measure the volume of cerebral infarction using computed tomography perfusion(CTP) imaging and magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging(MR DWI). We retrospectively included 50 patients (male : female = 33 : 17) who visited the emergency department with symptoms of AIS from September 2017 to September 2020. The cerebral infarct volume measured by SVD and the Bayesian algorithm was analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test and expressed as a median value and an interquartile range of 25 - 75 %. The core volume measured by SVD and the Bayesian algorithm using was CTP imaging was 18.07 (7.76 - 33.98) cc and 47.3 (23.76 - 79.11) cc, respectively, while the penumbra volume was 140.24 (117.8 - 176.89) cc and 105.05 (72.52 - 141.98) cc, respectively. The mismatch ratio was 7.56 % (4.36 - 15.26 %) and 2.08 % (1.68 - 2.77 %) for SVD and the Bayesian algorithm, respectively, and all the measured values had statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Spearman's correlation analysis showed that the correlation coefficient of the cerebral infarct volume measured by the Bayesian algorithm using CTP imaging and MR DWI was higher than that of the cerebral infarct volume measured by SVD using CTP imaging and MR DWI (r = 0.915 vs. r = 0.763 ; p < 0.01). Furthermore, the results of the Bland Altman plot analysis demonstrated that the slope of the scatter plot of the cerebral infarct volume measured by the Bayesian algorithm using CTP imaging and MR DWI was more steady than that of the cerebral infarct volume measured by SVD using CTP imaging and MR DWI (y = -0.065 vs. y = -0.749), indicating that the Bayesian algorithm was more reliable than SVD. In conclusion, the Bayesian algorithm is more accurate than SVD in measuring cerebral infarct volume. Therefore, it can be useful in clinical utility.

On the Research of 17th Century Joseon Dynasty's Bulsang, a Buddist Statue, Manufacturing Technique by Examining the Daeungbojeon Hall Samse-bulsang, The Buddha of the Three Words, at the Haenam Daeheungsa Temple (해남 대흥사 대웅보전 삼세불상을 통해 본 17세기 조선시대 불상의 제작기법 연구)

  • Lee, Su-yea
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.47 no.1
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    • pp.164-179
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    • 2014
  • The Buddhas of the Three Words in a form of arranging Bhaiṣajyaguru and $Amit{\bar{a}}bha$ at its side based on ${\acute{S}}{\bar{a}}kyamuni$ at the center is enshrined in Daeungbojeon Hall of Daeheungsa Temple located at Haenam. So far, this Buddhas of the Three Words has been known as a wooden Buddha statue. However, as a result of X-ray screening, in left/right Buddha statues excepting main Buddha, wood and molding clay layer were observed at the same time. Therefore, this study intended to observe its internal structure, grafting method and to clarify making technique of Buddha statue during Joseon era based on image information being obtained through X-ray screening of The Buddhas of the Three Words of Daeheungsa Temple. As its result, it was revealed that form of ${\acute{S}}{\bar{a}}kyamuni$ was completed by mainly grafting 5 pieces of timber and this statue shows a typical wood grafted Buddha statue during Joseon era. Form of Bhaiṣajyaguru and $Amit{\bar{a}}bha$ were completed based on molding technique by applying clay on sculpture similar to its appearance after sculpturing more than 10 pieces of timber through its grafting. In other words, internal timber is considered to play a role of its core and grafting method of timber is more close to a technique of molding Buddha statue than to that of wooden Buddha statue during Joseon era. However, clay was directly applied on timber thinly, not applying clay thickly on it after winding straw rope on wooden core and its characteristic is that its facial area was completely composed of wooden construction only. Therefore, it is hard to rule out a possibility that the original sculpturing intention of an artist might be a wooden Buddha statue but in view of the fact that a word, 'molding' was used in a record of relics buried in statue, it could be seen that this Buddha statue might have been recognized as a molding statue at the time when creation of this statue was completed. It is considered that number of case of making statue based on this technique would be more increased when more results of X-ray screening should be accumulated and if more data should be collected, it would provide a significant evidence for identifying chronological, regional aspects of making technique of Buddha statue.

LCD Module Initialization and Panel Display for the Virtual Screen of LN2440SBC Embedded Systems (LN2440SBC 임베디드 시스템의 가상 스크린을 위한 LCD 모듈 초기화 및 패널 디스플레이)

  • Oh, Sam-Kweon;Park, Geun-Duk;Kim, Byoung-Kuk
    • Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.452-458
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    • 2010
  • In case of an embedded system with computing resource restrictions such as system power and cpu, the overhead due to displaying data on the computer screen may have a significant influence on the system performance. This paper describes an initialization method for LCD-driving components such as an ARM Core, an LCD controller, and an SPI(serial peripheral interface). It also introduces a pixel display function and a panel display method using virtual screen for reducing the display overhead for an LN2440SBC system with an ARM9-based S3C2440A microprocessor. A virtual screen is a large space of computer memories allocated much larger than those needed for one-time display of an image. Displaying a specific region of a virtual screen is done by assigning it as a view-port region. Such a display is useful in an embedded system when concurrently running tasks produce and display their respective results on the screen; it is especially so when the execution result of each task is partially modified, instead of being totally modified, on its turn and displayed. If the tasks running on such a system divide and make efficient use of the region of the virtual screen, the display overhead can be minimized. For the performance comparison with and without using the virtual screen, two different images are displayed in turn and the amount of time consumed for their display is measured. The result shows that the display time of the former is about 5 times faster than that of the latter.

A Study on the Change of Cavity Area through Groundwater Injection Test under Pavement Cavity (도로하부 공동 내의 지하수 주입 실험을 통한 공동 영역 변화 연구)

  • Kim, Sang Mok;Choi, Hyeon;Yoon, Jin Sung;Park, Jeong Jun
    • Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.267-275
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    • 2020
  • Purpose: In this study, GPR exploration equipment, spray vehicles and flow meters, core drill, borehole image processing system(BIPS), 3D cavity imagery equipment, and cavity formatting equipment were used to identify this cavity growth process. Method: A certain amount of water was injected in proportion to the mass of the cavity, and the cavity was observed to expand as the injected water was drained out. The cavity rating change was evaluated by quantitatively evaluating the expansion factors and the speed of growth. Results: According to the results of examining the volume change through injection time - injection flow rate - volume increase for the four experimenters, the volume increase decreased as the injection time increased, and there was no further increase in volume if injected for one hour or so. Conclusion: In addition, the injection test analyzed the volumetric variation to determine whether the cause of the cavity occurrence was the effect of the underground burial in the vicinity of the cavity. Therefore, it was found that the cavity expansion is caused by the repetition of the relaxation soil collapse due to the groundwater flow and the loss of the collapsed soil below the cavity.

Analysis on Cloud-Originated Errors of MODIS Leaf Area Index and Primary Production Images: Effect of Monsoon Climate in Korea (MODIS 엽면적지수 및 일차생산성 영상의 구름 영향 오차 분석: 우리나라 몬순기후의 영향)

  • Kang, Sin-Kyu
    • The Korean Journal of Ecology
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.215-222
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    • 2005
  • MODIS (Moderate Resolution Image Spectrometer) is a core satellite sensor boarded on Terra and Aqua satellite of NASA Earth Observing System since 1999 and 2001, respectively. MODIS LAI, FPAR, and GPP provide useful means to monitor plant phonology and material cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, LAI, FPAR, and GPP in Korea were evaluated and errors associated with cloud contamination on MODIS pixels were eliminated for years $2001\sim2003$. Three-year means of cloud-corrected annual GPP were 1836, 1369, and 1460g C $m^{-2}y^{-1}$ for evergreen needleleaf forest, deciduous broadleaf forest, and mixed forest, respectively. The cloud-originated errors were 8.5%, 13.1%, and 8.4% for FPAR, LAI, and GPP, respectively. Summertime errors from June to September explained by 78% of the annual accumulative errors in GPP. This study indicates that cloud-originated errors should be mitigated for practical use of MODIS vegetation products to monitor seasonal and annual changes in plant phonology and vegetation production in Korea.

Dziga Vertov's Film Theory of Soviet Silent Film -By Comparison between Montage Theory of Sergei Eisenstein and Dziga Vertov Film Theory- (소비에트 무성영화의 지가 베르토프 영화이론 -세르게이 에이젠슈테인의 몽타주론을 비교중심으로-)

  • Jeon, Pyoung-Kuk;Kim, Noh-Ik
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.10 no.8
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    • pp.147-158
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    • 2010
  • The Soviet Silent Films in the 1920s, produced a brilliant prosperity in the history of world films in the cultural and artistic aspects. Among them, Dziga Vertov was a film theorists and a practitioner along with Sergei M. Einstein played a pivotal role in the contemporary soviet films at the time. But the film theories of Vetro is incorrectly recognized or specialized compared to the theories of Eisenstein. But Deleuze has stated that the short in the movie of Vertov is able to deliver a meaning and an impact and he has emphasized that a short can be significant by itself by focusing on the 'truth' which a documentary must have. His film theories are based on futurism and constructivism and use the 'kino-eye' method and 'Interval' theory to summarize and organize his movies into 'movie-truth' principal and 'life as itself' concept. Deleuze the purpose of this research is to analyze with the Vertov core of film theory and every theory of kino eye as the foundation and by comparing the Montage Theory of Sergei Eisenstein and applying Deleuze's Image Theory. Furthermore, it can be insufficient to discuss the film commercial achievements of Vertov as a result of inadequacy of previous research but it will further study his innovative methods and depth of his theories in his representation form in the documentary films.

The Effect of Airline Brand Authenticity: Focus on the Difference of LCC from FSC (항공사 브랜드 진정성이 소비자 태도에 미치는 영향 : LCC와 FSC의 차이를 중심으로)

  • Song, Sang-Yeon
    • Journal of Distribution Science
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    • v.14 no.5
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    • pp.115-123
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    • 2016
  • Purpose - Nowadays the competition between companies has been intensified in the aviation industry. It is hard to maintain successful market share in challenging managerial environment. Not long ago, a Korean major aviation company had faced social condemnation cause of managerial staff's immoral behaviors. That company suffers great losses in company brand value in terms of authenticity as an aviation company. This research tried to show the effect of brand authenticity in the aviation industry. First of all, this research tried to define the dimensions of the brand authenticities based on the former researches. This research suggested the airline brand authenticities as three kinds of dimensions. The dimensions of authenticities consist of performance aspects, symbolic aspects and moral aspects. And this research also tried to show the relationships between brand authenticities and consumers attitudes. Research design, data and methodology - The empirical research design is based on the experiments with six types of advertisement prototypes. The advertisement prototypes were based on three types of authenticities' characteristics. The prototypes were made of core statements about each authenticity. And the advertisement prototypes also were based on the aviation company types. The types of aviation companies could be divided into FSC(full service carrier)and LCC(low cost carrier). So the whole experiments were performed with six kinds of advertisement prototypes(3 brand authenticities X 2 aviation company types). The age of participants were from 20s to 40s. The proportion of participants' demographics are as follow. Age proportion is 50% of 20s and 50% of 30s and 40s. Gender proportion is 46% males and 54% females. The experiments performed through mobile devices. Advertisement prototypes were exposed to the participants through their mobile devices, and they answered the questionnaires. All the process of experiments were performed by a professional research firm to maintain the quality of data. Results - This research suggested some important outcomes as follow. First, brand authenticity had an important role to make a positive consumer attitude on the aviation company. All the three types advertisement of authenticities had a positive impact on the consumer attitude for the aviation company. Second, the three types of brand authenticities in the performance aspects, symbolic aspects, and moral aspects had a major impact on the consumers attitudes. The performance authenticity had the biggest effect on the consumer attitudes. Third, the types of aviation companies like FSC and LCC had a different correlation with types of authenticities. All the types of authenticities affected on the consumers attitudes in the FSC case. The symbolic authenticity had the biggest effect in the FSC case. But the performance authenticity showed the most striking effect in the LCC case. Conclusion - From this research, we can get a conclusion. The brand authenticity of aviation company should be managed carefully to maintain a positive brand image and consumers attitudes. And airline brand authenticities can be consist of three type dimensions. All the types of authenticities affects on the consumers attitudes positively. The symbolic authenticity affects more in the FSC case, and the performance authenticity influences more in the LCC case.