• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2006.04a
• /
• pp.30-37
• /
• 2006

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.205-214
• /
• 2007

Surface water and sediment samples collected from the Mokpo coast of Korea were analyzed for molecular markers of organic municipal wastewaters, i.e., 11 fecal sterols including coprostanol (Cop) and nonylphenolic compounds (NPs), to characterize the main routes of these wastewaters to the coast and to assess contamination levels. Concentrations of Cop ranged from 94 to 7,568 ng/L in surface water and from 43 to 38,108 ng/g dry weight in sediments. Concentrations of NPs [nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenol mono- and di-ethoxylates ($NP_{1-2}EOs$)] ranged from 123 to 4,729 ng/L in surface water and from 4 to 2,119 ng/ng dry weight in sediments. The levels of these compounds were much higher at stations near the rivers that pass through the urban center of Mokpo and the outfall of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The spatial distribution of Cop levels was statistically similar to that of NPs (r=0.809 and 0.982 in surface water and sediments, respectively), indicating that these compounds may have similar discharge points, transport, mixing, and deposition in the study area. These results suggest that considerable amounts of organic wastewater compounds are discharged through rivers and WWTP effluent to the Mokpo coast.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.47 no.6
• /
• pp.1006-1013
• /
• 2014

Wastewater organic compounds, that is, nonylphenolic compounds (NPs) and fecal sterols, were measured in surface sediments from Busan Suyeong Estuary, where two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are located, to assess contamination from municipal effluents. The NPs analyzed were nonylphenol, and nonylphenol mono- and di-ethoxylates, all synthetic endocrine disruptors. The fecal sterols analyzed were coprostanol (COP), cholestanol, and epicoprostanol. Concentrations of NPs in the sediments ranged from 146 to 3,723 ng/g, and those of COP ranged from 366 to 13,018 ng/g. Their detection in all of the sediments analyzed indicates widespread pollution by municipal effluents. The highest concentrations of NPs and COP were detected at stations close to outfalls of WWTPs. Their levels in sediments are categorized in the higher range of those previously reported in Korean coastal areas. Moreover, in comparison with screening values of NPs in the Netherlands, Norway, and Canada, more than 50% of the sampling stations exceeded the guidelines. This indicates that the estuary may be adversely influenced by municipal effluents.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.241-250
• /
• 2012

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), butyltins (BTs), nonylphenol (NP), and fecal sterols concentrations in sediments were investigated from Gunsan coast of Korea to evaluate organic pollution from anthropogenic activities. Sediment toxicity was also examined by bacterial bioluminescence toxicity test (Vibrio fischeri). The concentrations of 16 PAHs in sediments ranged from 67.9 to 425 ng/g dry wt; BTs ranged from 2.79 to 14.1 ng Sn/g dry wt; NP ranged from 20.7 to 2171 ng/g dry wt; and coprostanol, a fecal sterol, ranged from 7.60 to 245 ng/g dry wt. Effective concentration 50% ($EC_{50}$) of sediments ranged from 0.38 to 23.8 mg/mL. Most of the chemicals were present at levels lower than or comparable to the previously reported values from Korea. However, NP levels in the present study were in the high range of levels reported from the Korean coast, and 40% of the measured samples exceeded screening and ecotoxicological values of NP suggested by the Netherlands and Canada. This suggests that an ongoing source of NP is a serious concern in the Gunsan coast. High levels of contaminants were found in the proximity of potential sources, such as the outfall of a wastewater treatment plant for NP, an anthracite-fired power plant for PAHs, and ports for BTs, fecal sterols, and sediment toxicity. This indicates that Gunsan coast has various potential sources of marine sediment contaminants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.978-983
• /
• 1995

The effect of sulfur-containing amino acids on lipid metabolism was studied in rats fed casein as a protein source. Plasma cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and atherosclerotic index decreased in the cysteine group compared to the methionine group. Plasma triglyceride and phospholipid level were not affected by the supplementation of the sulfur-containing amino acids. The levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in liver decreased by both methionine and cysteine. Cysteine increased the fecal excretion of coprostanol, total neutral steroid and bile acid. The results suggest that plasma cholesterol level is affected by dietary ratio of cysteine/methionine and that the hypocholesterolemic effects of cysteine is, at least in part, through reducing cholesterol absorption from small intestine and through enhancing fecal excretion of bile acids.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.819-825
• /
• 2002

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of sea tangle extracts on the excretion of neutral steroids and bile acid in diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on AIN-76 based experimental diets containing methanol extracts (2%, w/w) or water extracts (4%, w/w) of sea tangle for 4 weeks. And then they were induced to be diabetic by receiving streptozotocin (45 mg/kg BW) intramuscularly. The dried fecal weight was increased significantly in water extracts group compared with control group. The fecal content of cholesterol was higher in extracts groups of sea tangle than in control group. But there was no significant difference in fecal excretion of cholesterol between methanol and water extracts groups. The fecal excretion of coprostanol was increased significantly in water extracts group compared with the control group. The fecal excretion of bile acid was increased significantly in sea tangle extracts groups compared to the control group. These data suggest that dietary supplementation of sea tangle extracts might reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis through increasing the excretion of neutral steroids.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.103-109
• /
• 1988

This research was designed to investigate the influence of dietary fat and cholesterol on the excretions of neutral steroids and bile acids of rats. Experimental groups were divided into 6 groups according to the dietary treatment. A $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments included 3 levels of dietary fat(15, 30 or 45% energy) and 2 levels of dietary fat saturation(0.5 or 1.0n P/S ratio). After 4 weeks feeding, fecal excretions of total lipids, neutral steroids and bile acids were determined. The following results were obtained. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were singnificantly influenced by dietary fat level. Lipid digestibility was significantly increased in proportion to the level of dietary fat. However, no effect has been found in fecal secretions of total lipids, neutral steroids and bile acids by the differences of dietary fat levels and P/S ratios. The consumption of dietary cholesterol improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and lipid digestibility, but decreased total lipids excretion. And also, neutral steroids excretion showed tendency of increase with decreasing the fraction of coprostanol and increasing that of coprostanone, and total bile acids showed tendency of decrease by the consumption of dietary cholesterol.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.1197-1203
• /
• 2001

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary xylooligosaccharide on UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UDP-GTase) activity and excretion of fecal sterols in rat fed high cholesterol diet. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100$\pm$10 g were randomly divided into five groups, one with normal diet and four with high cholesterol diets containing 1% cholesterol (w/w). The high groups with cholesterol diet groups were classified into xylooligosaccharide free diet (C), 5% xylooligosaccharide diet (C5XO), 10% xylooligosaccharide diet (C10XO), and 15% xylooligosaccharide diet (C15XO) group according to the five groups of dietary xylooligosaccharide by weights. The experimental diets were fed ad libidum for 4 weeks. Fecal weights were increased 86% by xylooligosaccharide. Fecal total lipid contents including fecal neutral and acidic sterols in xylooligosaccharide groups were significantly higher than those of the normal and C groups, and especially that of C10XO group was the highest among all experimental groups. Activity of UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UDP-GTase) in liver in C group was 35% higher than that of normal group and the activities in C5XO, C10XO and C15XO groups were 15%, 41%, and 21% higher than in C group, respectively. Fecal bile acid excretions per day were increased 3.1, 3.6 and, 2.8 folds in C5XO, C10XO, and C15XO groups, respectively, compared with that of C group. Contents of neutral sterol, coprostanol, and coprostanone were higher in xylooligosaccharide groups than in C group. These results suggest that dietary xylooligosaccharide may act as potential substitute for a dietary fiber capable of improving a gastrointestinal function and lipid metabolism.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.41-49
• /
• 1996

Bacterial transformation of bile acids is possibly involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. n several epidemiological studies, the fecal bile acid dietary fiber are related to the indicence of colonic cancer. This study investigated the influence of age, dietary fiber intake on fecal bile acid profiles in healthy subject. The dietary fiber were assessed by mean of 24 hour dietary recall method, the subjects consist of 238 members aged 20 to 64 years old and feces are collected from the subjects. Fecal bile acids and neutral sterols were analyzed by gas chromatography. Mean dily crude fiber intake level was 7.7$\pm$1.4g(dietary fiber : 16.7$\pm$3.5g), dietary fiber intake range being 6.5-36.8g. The dietary fiber intake in elederly subject was significantly lower than in the other younger groups. Dietary fiber intakes was negatively correlated with the total bil acid concentation in feces. Probably, a decrease in dietary fiber intake results in higher fecal bile acid concentrations. The secondary bile acid concentration is related to the colon cancer, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid were significantly higher in elderly subjects. Concentration of fecal total bile acid, deoxycholic acid, coprostanol, coprostanone were higher in low dietary fiber intake group. These results suggest that the risk factor for colon cancer might be reduced, when dietary fibers are consummed more.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.637-643
• /
• 1999

The effects of yam(Dioscorea) on lowering cholesterol level and its mechanism were investigated. The concentrations of plasma and liver lipids, and the excretions of fecal neutral sterol and bile acid were measured in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Five Groups of 8 rats were fed hypercholesterolemic diet(1% cholesterol, 10% lard ; control), hypercholesterolemic diet plus 15% or 30% dried yam powder prepared by either hot-air(15HY, 30HY) or freeze dry(15FY, 30FY) for 4wk. Plasma total lipid, total cholesterol and cholesterol level was also significantly lower(28%, p<0.05), buy HMG-CoA reductase activity was higher in 30FY(230%, p<0.05) than in control. Although no significant differences in fecal neutral sterols were observed among groups, the yam-fed rats apparently had less bacterial degradation of cholesterol as indicated by a significantly greater of fecal cholesterol to coprostanol than in controls. Total fecal bile acids were significantly greater in rats fed yam(15HY : 5 folds, 15FY ; 12,30HY ; 12, 20FY ; 22) than in controls. The ratio of secondary to primary bile acids was almost 8 times lower in 30FY than in control. These data indicate that yam lowers cholesterol both in plasma and in liver through increasing fecal bile acid excretion as well as HMG-CoA reductase activity. Freeze-dried yam, which possesses viscosity, was more effective in cholesterol-lowering action than hot-air dried one.