• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the utilizing of cool-season turfgrass in areas, excluding greens, of Korean golf courses. Data collected from 120 golf courses were subjected to frequency and T-test analysis using SPSSWIN. The results obtained were as follows: 1) seventy eight golf curses were utilizing cool-season turfgrass in areas except of the greens. At thirty five golf courses (46.0%) of them, the area utilized appeared tee, green collar, green approach etc. (tee>green collar>green approach). At 37 golf courses(48.7%), a mix of Kentucky Bluegrass and Perennial Ryegrass was utilized and the ratio of the mix was 70:30(v/v). At 57 golf courses(76.0%), seed sowing was utilized. 2) In Korean golf courses, the cognition of utilizing cool-season turfgrass depended on the existence of the practice. The cognition of the experienced was more´ affirmative´ than that of the inexperienced. 3) In the experienced, the preference was determined by turfgrass quality and good appearance and recuperative rate of cool-season turfgrass. In the inexperienced, the preference was determined by turfgrass quality god appearance. 4) The experienced recommended the mix of Kentucky bluegrass and Perennial Ryegrass. 5) It seems that the golf courses having used cool-season turfgrass have difficulties in the maintenance in summer while the golf courses without using cool-season turfgrass have difficulties in the maintenance in summer and the selection of turfgrass variety.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 2015

Cool-season turfgrass is a rapidly increasing of usage for the revegetation of waterside slopes in dams, lakes and rivers. The purpose of this research is to identify the flooding tolerance of cool-season turfgrass with respect to the flooding periods of 0(control), 2, 4 and 6 days, respectively. The surface coverage ratio, turfgrass injury and soil moisture content were measured to assess the flooding tolerance of cool-season turfgrass. The increase in the flooding periods with 4 and 6 days resulted in the lower surface coverage ratio for cool-season turfgrass while no significant difference was found in the 2 days flooding when compared to 0 day (the control plot) flooding plot. In case of the turfgrass injury and the soil moisture content, however, the higher values were found with the increase of flooding periods in 2, 4 to 6 days. We observed that the higher the turfgrass injury and soil moisture content increased, the lower the surface covrage ratio decreased. In these regards, we also observed that the tolerance of cool season turfgrass were high in the 2 days flooding condition, medium in the 4 days flooding condition and low in the 6 days flooding condition. The flooding tolerance of cool-season turfgrass was gradually weakened in over 2 days flooding periods due to $O_2$ deficiency in the anaerobic soil condition. Therefore, we could suggest cool-season turfgrass within 2 days flooding periods for the revegetation of waterside slopes in dams, lakes and rivers.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.107-113
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• 2003

Ecological control can contribute to the sustainibility of vegetation management systems by reducing the input currently derived from non-renewable fossil energy sources. The use of turfgrass mixtures is an important tool in turf management. Turfgrass mixtures of two or more compatible and adapted species provide improved tolerance to pest and environmental stress, more so than monostands. The objectives of this study were to evaluated turf insects, pests and zoysia large patch control by turgrass mixtures. In April 2001 and 2002, plots were inoculated with 50g of Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2LP inoculum. Inoculum were treated within a 29cm diamater circle at Zoysia japonica, Zoysia japonica, Poa pratenis, or Festuca arundinacea mixtures. After four weeks, disease severity in each plot was determined. plot area visual ratings were assessed visually on a linera 0 to 100%. In August 2001 and October 2002, turf insects and pests in each plot were investigated in 10cm deep soil cores with 8cm diameters using hole cut. Zoysia large patch affected zoysiagrass monostands more severly than zoysiagrass and cool-season turfgrasses mixtures. It was suggested that the barrier effect of cool-season turfgrass suppressed zoysia large patch in the mixture of zoysiagrass and cool-season turfgrasses. Also, warm-season and cool-season turfgrasses mixtures suppressed insect populations more efficiently than warm-season turfgrass monostands.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.21-27
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• 2003

Five warm-season turfgrass [Zoysia japonica Steud., Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze, Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm., Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.) Hack. and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] were overseeded with 2 cool-season turfgrasses [Poa pratensis L. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb.] to examine suitability of these species for planting in mixture for producing a year-round turf. Percent of warm-season and cool-season turfgrasses in the mixture were estimated for 5 years. Also, to evaluate the fertilization times of the warm-season and cool-season turrfgras mixtures. Eremochloa ophiuroides and Buchloe dactyloides were not suitable for warm-season and cool-season turfgrass mixtures. However, Zoysia japonica, Stenotaphrum secundatum and Cynodon dactylon were suitable for warm-season and cool-season turfgrass mixtures. Zoysia japonica, Stenotaphrum secundatum and Cynodon dactylon were showed approximately 50% botanical composition five years after cool-season turfgrass overseeding. And, those three warm-season turfgrass mixtures showed approximately 20% visual ratings in winter period. Fertilization in early spring and late autumn had made cool-season turfgrass dominated in mixtures. Therefore, fertilization times in warm-season and cool-season turfgrass mixtures was desirable in summer period.

• Mycobiology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.330-334
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• 2016

In 2010, disease symptoms, including necrotic lesions on stems and leaves with circular yellow-brown or irregular brown color patches, were observed on cool-season turfgrass at golf courses (OHCC) and the Daegu University research farm in Gyeongbuk, Korea. We isolated the causal agent and identified it as Waitea circinata var. zeae by morphological characterization and molecular analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of brown patch caused by W. circinata var. zeae on cool-season turfgrass in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.85-93
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• 2004

This study was carried out to find out the effect of cool-season turfgrass overseeding onto zoysiagrass(Zoysia japonica L.) for extending green color and solving traffic problem during dormant periods. Overseeding rates of cool-season turfgrasses were $10g/m^2$ of Kentucky bluegrass(KB1), $20g/m^2$of Kentucky b1uegrass(KB2), $60g/m^2$ of perennial ryegrass(PR), $80g/m^2$ of Tall fescue(TF), and $10g/m^2$ of Kentucky bluegrass + $10g/m^2$ of perennial ryegrass mixture(KB+PR) onto 2m${\times}$2m(width${\times}$length) zoysiagrass plots with 3 replications.1 to 9-sca1e of visual quality and visual color were measured after treatment, Consequently cool-season turfgrass overseeding gave a good performances of extending the green periods and enhancing the turf grass quality. KB1 and KB2 were found to be excellent performances for visual quality and visual color compared to PR, TF, KB+PR and control. KB2 showed better turf performances than KB1 within Kentucky bluegrass overseedings. Turfgrass color was kept up for 10 months by overseeding of cool-season turfgrasses(KB1, KB2, PR, TP, KB+PR) compared to about 5~6 months by zoysiagrass(Control). The visual quality and visual color of PR and TF showed good performances during a green-up period of spring, but decreasing tendencies through the summer.Percent diseases data revealed also higher ratings for PR and TF compared to for KB1 and KB2.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.96-104
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate physical properties of soil and turfgrass wear characteristics within turfgrasses inside or outside the stadium A 1/1000 scale model Inchon world cup soccer d[me was constructed for this test. Turfgrasses planted inside and outside the model dome were; Kentucky bluegrass(KB), Kentucky bluegrass + perennial ryegrass mixture (KB+PR), Kentucky bluegrass + tall fescue + perennial ryegrass mixture (KB+TF+PR), Zoysia japonica 'Anyangjungzii'(ZA) and Zoysia japonica 'Zenith\`(ZZ). The rootzone was constructed by the multi-layer method (United States Golf Association method). Traffic on turfgrasses was treated with a 120kg roller. Surface soil hardness, soil penetration and water infiltration values on cool-season grasses(KB, KB+PR, KB+TF+PR) was found to be better for soccer play compared to zoysiagrasses(ZA, ZZ). No big differences in surface soil hardness, soil penetration and water infiltration values were found between inside and outside of the model dome. Wear damage on cool-season grasses caused by the traffic treatment was low compared to zoysiagrasses. However, there was no difference in wear damage by the traffic treatment within cool-season grasses while wear damage on ZA was higher than on ZZ within zoysiagrasses. It could be concluded that physical properties and wear characteristics on cool-season grasses were much better for soccer play than on zoysiagrasses.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.268-277
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• 2015

Organic fertilizer preparation was developed with organic materials to improve growth and qualities of cool-season turfgrass species. Organic fertilizer preparation were contained with essential macronutrient elements and organic matter for growth of cool season turfgrass. Four preparations of organic fertilizers were tested on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds) cultivar Penn-A1 and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) mixed cultivars (Midnight 33%, Moonlight 33%, and Prosperity 33%) by one time application on fifty days after sowing. Two species of cool season turfgrasses were evaluated on turfgrass coverage, growth on NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and qualities from fall season to spring season in sod producing farm. It were found significantly difference found on turfgrass coverage, turf color, chlorophyll contents and growth increase on two species of cool season turfgrasses. Turfgrass coverage, chlorophyll content, turf color and growth increase of organic fertilizer preparation were significantly increased on creeping bentgrass cultivar and Kentucky bluegrass mixed cultivar for six time investigation in spring season. These results may indicate that the use of some preparation is beneficial for sod producing sod and turfgrass management.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.40-47
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• 2003

This study examined the improved effect of wear tolerance of warm-season turfgrass overseeded with cool-season turfgrasses. Also, it investigated the improved effect of crumb rubber on wear tolerance and the difference anmong cultivars regarding the wear of Zoysia spp. In wear experiment during summer, the warm-season turfgrass overseed with cool-season turfgrasses had a higher visual rating on the ground than the monostand of Cynodon dactylon. Moreover, in wear experiment in winter, barrenness showed significant progress in the monostand of C. dactylon, while the barrenness did not appear at all in overseeded turf with cool-season turfgrasses. As a result of investigating the bulk density was increased in the monostand of C. dactylon, but not in the overseed turf with cool-season turfgrasses. From the above result, the wear tolerance effcect of turfgrasses appeared year round through warm-season and cool-season turfgrass mixtures. Also, it was found that the method of topdressing crumb rubber on the ground was effective as a physical assistant device alleviating damage of turfgrasses. The possibility of improving wear tolerance was accepted by adding soil amendments such as perlite, pamis, etc., in order to promote the growth of turfgrass.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.119-128
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• 2004

This study was conducted to analyze the effect of roof membrane on light environment that influence on turfgrass growth under domed stadium. Roof structure on experimental plot was constructed with PTFE and PE same as Busan Asiad Main Stadium. Tested turfgrass species were combinations of cool-season grasses(Kentucky Bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, $KBG80+PR20\%,\;KBG33+PR33+Fine fescue33\%)$ and warm-season grasses(zoysiagrass, 'An-yang middle-leaf, 'Zenith', Bermudagrass) established with seeding or sodding. The experimental set-up and research work were initiated November 1999 and finished on August 2000 at near Busan Asiad Main Stadium. By the result of computer simulation of daylight radiant energies on the turf surface were lower than needs of normal sport turf growth. The shortage of radiant resulted pest infection on cool-season grass mixture compared with warm-season. But turf color and density showed the best results on Kentucky bluegrass or its mixture plot. Over all the results showed that the best quality of turfgrass growth was occurred on full sun area, and the next was under PTFE membrane. The application of artificial lighting system may increase the turfgrass growth under domed stadium(partially) covered with roof membrane.