• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.199.2-199.2
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• 2010

Biodiesels are well-known as alternative fuels. also we know that biodiesels increase NOx and reduce PM(Particulate Matter) by previous many studies. But PM in most these studies was considered about the mass. In this study, We have performed experimental test for PM and exhaust emission by mixed ratio of biodiesel in heavy duty diesel engine. PM was investigated by The nano particle number and the mass. The mass of PM was evaluated by using the standard gravimetric method, The number of PM was evaluated by using the EEPS(Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer), on the ESC(European Steady Cycle) mode. Sampled gas through dilutor was directly extracted from tail pipe and EEPS measured diluted exhaust gas. Biodiesel is made up of used cooking oil. Diesel as base fuel was sold on market and contains 2% biodiesel. The mass of PM was reduced 10% and the nano particle number was increased 5%. The particle number less than 40nm was increased, but the particle number more than 40nm is decreased.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.11a
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• pp.25-28
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• 2014

In this study, waste cooking oil was gasified in a fluidized bed reactor. The main objective of this study was to produce clean producer gas for power generation engine. As a result, heating value of producer gas is suitable for engine operation and tar content in producer gas was satisfied after use of activated carbon filter. Results from a lab scale experiment and a preliminary results from a pilot scale experiment will be presented.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.160-167
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• 2018

Vegetable oils can contribute to the goal of energy independence and security owing to their naturally renewable resources. One of the representative vegetable oils is biodiesel, which is being used in domestic and European markets as a blended fuel with automotive diesel. Vegetable oils are promising candidates as base fluids to replace petroleum lubricants because of their excellent lubricity and biodegradability. We prepared biodiesel with a purity of 99.9% via the esterification of waste cooking oil. Blended biodiesel and Petro-lube base oil were mixed to produce five types of mixed lubricating oil. We analyzed the various characteristics of the blended biodiesel with Petro-lube base oil for different blending ratios. The lubricity of the vegetable lubricant improves as the content of biodiesel increases. In addition, since zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZnDTPs) are widely used as multifunctional additives in petroleum-based lubricants, we optimized the blending ratio for lubricity, oxidation stability, and shear stability by adding ZnDTP as a performance additive to improve the biodiesel properties, such as oxidation stability and hydrolysis. The optimized lubricants improve by approximately 25% in lubricity and by 20 times in oxidation stability and shear stability after the addition of ZnDTP.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.432-438
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• 2017

Slum settlement, a direct result of the rapid worldwide urbanization is a common site in most developing countries. Uganda is among the top African countries with high number of slums. The status of Katanga slum located in the low-lands between Mulago national hospital and Makerere University is a typical of many other slums within Uganda. This project proposal seeks to tackle urbanization challenges by specializing in slum upgrading as a sustainable way of curbing the menace. An integrated toilet, biogas, poultry and backyard gardening project is proposed as a channel of boosting the Katanga slum dwellers' economic, sanitation and domestic energy status. Designed to serve up to 30 households, the project will utilize residual wastes from poultry houses and toilets to produce biogas and slurry. The biogas yield will provide clean cooking fuel and energy for lighting, while the slurry used as organic fertilizers to improve vegetable yields. The social, economic and environmental impacts of the project will empower the vulnerable women and children within the slums and reduce water pollution and land degradation. This affordable project can be applied in developing countries experiencing slum settlement challenges as a strategy for reducing urbanization pressure.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.153-161
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• 2012

This study conducted a survey and field investigation on the application of the Public Obligation System for new & renewable energy in public buildings, as well as energy consumption of each building according to their uses. The findings are as follows: (1) Since the introduction of the Public Obligation System (until June 30, 2011), there was average 1.4 new & renewable energy facilities established at 1,433 places. Preference for solar energy facilities was the highest at 57.8%. (2) The revised act sets the obligatory supply percentage of new & renewable energy for each public building: it is 9.0% for a tax office, 4.2% for a dong office, 8.2% for a public health center, and 12.6% for a fire station. All the public buildings except for fire stations failed to meet 10% expected energy consumption, a revised standard. (3) Energy consumption of each public building was 120.6TOE for a tax office, 124.3TOE for a dong office, 166.4TOE for a public health center, and 174.6TOE for a fire station. The energy consumption was comprised of 80% electric power, 18% urban gas, and 1% oil. (4) Electric power consumption per person in the room was high at a dong office, and fuel consumption per person in the room was high at a public health center. In addition, electric power consumption per unit space was high at a public health center, and fuel consumption per unit space was high at a fire station. (5) In all the four public buildings, power load had the highest basic unit percentage at average 55%, being followed by heating load (21.2%), cooling load (15%), and water heating load (7%). A tax office and fire station had 2% load due to cooking facilities.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.1
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• pp.60-72
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• 2006

The aim of this paper is to identify and evaluate relations for forest greening and the firewood substitution for home use after 1945 Liberation of Korea. Korea faced serious forest degradation by the early 1960s due to the enormous firewood consumption, which was about ten million cubic meters annually, for home use. If the trend of firewood consumption was maintained until 1955's, the total forest area in Korea could be thoroughly degraded within 10 years. The firewood substitution for home use had to be solved as soon as possible. For this purpose, energy sector by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry carried out the substitution policy for home using the briquettes which was the only natural resources for energy produced in Korea. Firewood was prohibited being carried in the major cities by forestry sector, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, from 1958. Only 5.2% of household in the cities used the forest products consumed as a fuel in 1970 because these inter-sectoral substitution measures of firewood for home use turned out a success gradually. After the 1970s, firewood consumption for home use was naturally decreased due to rural people's explosive move to cities, who were major consumers of firewood for home use at that time. Firewood for cooking was substituted by LPG gas after 1985 and firewood for house heating was substituted by coal and oil after 1980. Finally, on the basis of the firewood substitution for home use, the forest degradation that lasted over one hundred years was put a period.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2000.11b
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• pp.91-95
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• 2000

With 106 detached houses where the aged people live alone, this study was conducted to perform a location survey of their residential environment. The result of this study is summarized as follows: While the surveyed houses' safety, sanitation and convenience appeared to be positive, with respect to the conditions of location, 73％ of the surveyed houses did not meet the requirement for comfort. The average area of each space indicated that the bedding room was 12.05$m^2$, the living room 14.71$m^2$, the kitchen 9.06$m^2$, the bathing room 4.05$m^2$, and the rest room 2.59$m^2$. Then, 93.3％ of the bedding rooms had the doorsill. Also, 97.2％ of the surveyed houses had retrievable space. The form of their living room door showed a hinged door(54.5％) and a sliding door(45.5％) which were similar with each other. The finished material was that wood accounted for 42.6％ which was highest. The cooking table form of kitchen was mainly "\ulcorner"-shaped(49.5％) and "\ulcorner"-shaped(48.5％) which were highest, and their average height appeared to be 815mm. The fuel used for kitchen was that gas accounted for 93.3％, while 95.2％ of the surveyed houses was not equipped with any gas-warning device. 75.5％ had an integrated type of bath room and toilet. In addition, the stepped difference between the bath room and other space was that 70.8％ had the difference, but they had no a satisfactory sliding-prevention device(Not for 91.6％) or heating system(Not for 92.9％).stem(Not for 92.9％).

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.85-94
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• 2003

With 106 detached houses where the elderly people lives, this study was conducted to perform a survey of their residential environment. The results of this study were summarized as follows: While the surveyed houses' safety, sanitation and convenience appeared to be positive, with respect to the conditions of location, 73.6% of the surveyed houses did not meet the requirements for comfort. The average area of each space indicated that the bed room was $12.09m^2$, the living room $14.38m^2$, the kitchen $8.96m^2$, the bath room $3.93m^2$, and the rest room $259m^2$. Then, 93.3% of the bed room had the doorsill. Also, 97.2% of the surveyed houses had retrievable space. The forms of the living room door were a hinged door(55.7%) and a sliding door(44.3%). The 43.4% of the finished material of the living room was wood which was highest. The cooking table forms of kitchen were mainly "ㄱ"-shaped(50.0%) and "ㅡ"-shaped(48.0%), and their average height was 815mm. The fuel used for kitchen was mainly the gas which accounted for 93.4%, but 95.3% of houses had no gas-warning devices. Most houses(77.4%) had an integrated type of bathroom and toilet. In addition, 63.2% houses had the stepped difference between the bathroom and other spaces. But they had no a sliding-prevention devices(not for 92.5%) or heating systems(not for 93.4%) in the bathroom.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.27-32
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• 1987

As part of an air pollution epidemiological study of asthmatics residing in the Houston area, an air monitoring system provided data on the indoor and outdoor measurements of major pollutant gases sampled at selected residences during May ~ October 1981. Continuously monitored pollutant gases included sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$), nitrogen dioxide($NO_2$), nitric oxide(NO), carbon monoxide(CO), and ozone($O_3$). Outdoor levels for each pollutant were compared with their indoor levels(bedroom, kitchen, living room). Mean concentrations of each pollutant in the kitchen, and living room exceeded the mean levels outside except for ozone, while average bedroom levels for all gases except for $O_3$ and $NO_2$ were found higher than the corresponding outside levels. Indoor/ outdoor ratios for $SO_2$, NO, and CO were 1.8 ~ 2.7 times the outdoor levels, but indoor/ outdoor ratios for $NO_2$ and $O_3$ were 0.99 and 0.06, respectively. The impact of several important household characteristics (type of cooking fuel and cigarette smoking) on the indoor levels for these gases is evaluated.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.401-406
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• 2007

The status of biodiesel (BD) production and consumption, specifications and market status in Korea are discussed in this review. The main feedstock to produce BD is soybean oil and waste cooking oil in domestic, and some companies have tried to diversify BD feedstocks. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) has begun a pilot project to produce BD feedstock from rapeseed for 3 years since 2007. In July 2006, Ministry of Commerce, Industry & Energy (MOCIE) and the domestic oil industry reached an agreement under which BD0.5 is supplied in market, and 158400 MT of BD would be supplied between 2007 and 2008. MOCIE reported that it will increase BD 0.5% every year to reach BD3 by 2012. It is expected that BD supply would continuously increase domestically in the future.