• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.84-95
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• 2000

Panax ginseng and the herbal medicinal mixtures containing ginseng have been widely used as a traditional medicinal prescriptions. In order to develop more efficient and protective prescriptions on seizures and subsequent memory deterioration, we investigated the biochemical and ethopharmacological effects of ginsenosides and fractions from the natural medicinal plant products related to control convulsions. In this studies we show results improving spatial teaming and memory deficits induced by kainic acid, a potent neurotoxic and neuroexcitatory analogue of the amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.40-49
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• 1988

There is evidence that brain norepinephrine may play a role in experimentally induced seizures in animals. Thus the present experiments were undertaken in an attempt to explore the role of brain norepinephrine in anticonvulsant activity of clonazepam. 6-Hydroxydopamine was given to newborn rats and PTZ-induced seizures were tested $70{\sim}90$ days after birth and the rats were killed for determination of brain norepinephrine 8 days after the seizure test. Depletion of norepinephrine in the rat brain significantly potentiated the PTZ-induced convulsions and antagonized the effect of clonazepam on clonic seizures, tonic seizures and the number of seizures, but the latency to the seizure and the mortality has not been altered. However the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced antagonism of anticonvulsant action was surmountable by increasing the dose of clonazepam. These results show that brain norepinephrine may play an important role in seizure susceptability as well as in the anticonvulsant activity of clonazepam in rats.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.1011-1016
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• 2011

A series of thiadiazole derivatives were synthesized with differently substituted benzoic acids which were cyclized to give differently substituted thiazolidin-4-one. Elemental analysis, IR, $^1H$ NMR, $^{13}C$ NMR and mass spectral data confirmed the structure of the synthesized compounds. The derivatives of these moieties were evaluated for anticonvulsant activity by MES model and neurotoxicity by rotarod method. The synthesized compounds showed good potential for anticonvulsant activity besides this, the compounds also showed neurotoxic effect. It was observed that compounds with $OCH_3$ at 3, 4 position of phenyl ring [5(a-l)] showed less protection against convulsions as compared to compounds having unsubstituted phenyl ring [4(a-l)].

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 1982

In order to investigate the pharmacological action of combined preparation of crude drugs, 'Whangryonhaedok-Tang' were studied. Pharmacological studies of the water extract, methanol insoluble fraction and methanol soluble fraction obtained from 'Whangryonhaedok-Tang' were conducted. The results of this investigation were summarized as follows; Central convulsions induced by strychnine, picrotoxine and caffeine were depressed in mice. Analgesic effect was observed in mice and rats. Antipyretic effect was observed in rats and rabbits. Sedative effect was observed.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.753-759
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• 2005

Purpose : This study was performed to characterize clinical features of benign convulsions with gastroenteritis(CwG) in infants. Methods : We reviewed clinical features of 67 episodes in 64 patients with afebrile seizure accompanied gastroenteritis admitted to Dept. of Pediatrics Bundang CHA hospital from January 2001 to June 2004. Patients with meningitis, encephalitis/encephalopathy or apparent history of epilepsy were excluded. Results : There were 32 boys and 35 girls. The age of onset ranged from 1 to 42 months($18.5{\pm}6.1$ months). The number of children admitted to the hospital with acute gastroenteritis was 2,887 in the same period. The percentage of patients with CwG was 2.3. Seizure type was exclusively generalized tonic or tonic-clonic seizure. The average number of seizures during a single episode was 3.1 (range, 1-13). Two or more seizures occurred in 53(79.1%) of the 67 episodes. Antiepileptic drugs were administered for 42 episodes. Seizure did not cease after the administration of one kind of antiepileptic drug in 23 episodes(54.7%). The seizures were rather refractory to initial antiepileptic treatment. There were no abnormalities in serum biochemistry test including glucose and electrolytes. Cerebrospinal fluid was normal in all 54 episodes. Stool cultures were negative in 49 episodes. Rotavirus was positive in stools in 51(82.3%) of 62 episodes. Norovirus was positive in stools in 2 episodes and astrovirus in 1 of 18 episodes. CT and/or MRI were performed in 15 cases and demonstrated no neuroradiologic abnormalities. Of 73 Interictal EEG, initial 24 cases showed occasional spike or sharp wave discharges from the mid-line area during stage I-II sleep, which were apparently differentiated from vertex sharp transient or K-complexes. The mean follow-up period was 5.7 months(1-36 months). Three patients experienced a recurrence of CwG, but all patients exhibited normal psychomotor development at the last follow-up. Conclusion : Afebrile infantile convulsions with gastroenteritis are brief generalized seizure in cluster with normal laboratory findings and good prognosis. Therefore CwG is likely to be categorized as situation-related seizure of special syndrome. Recognition of this entity should lead to assurance of the parents and long-term anticonvulsant therapy is not usually warranted.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.149-158
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate caregivers' knowledge, concerns, and management of children with febrile convulsions (FC). Methods: A descriptive correlation study was conducted with 133 caregivers whose children had been diagnosed with a FC. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation were used for data analysis. Results: The mean percent of correct answers related to knowledge was 48.5%. Many caregivers believed that FC causes brain damage and did not know that risk of subsequent epilepsy in FC is rare. Levels of concern about FC were high. Caregivers were highly concerned about further FC attacks in the night and tended to worry that Febrile children were apt to get a fever. Many caregivers used management practices which are not recommended for FC in children. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between caregivers' knowledge and concerns about FC. There was also a positive correlation between caregivers' knowledge and management of FC. Conclusion: Findings suggest that improvements are needed in caregivers' knowledge and management of FC. Caregivers' concerns related to misconception need to be addressed. Development and evaluation of educational interventions on changing caregivers' management of FC are recommended.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.11
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• pp.1232-1235
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• 2008

Imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), is used for the treatment of non-polar depression and nocturnal enuresis in children in whom an organic pathology has been excluded, anxiety disorders, and neuropathic pain. Clinical toxicity following the treatment of TCAs, including imipramine, is well known. The anticholinergic effects initially present include a dry mouth, ileus, dilated pupils, urinary retention, and mild sinus tachycardia. The central nervous system toxicity includes delirium, agitation, restlessness, hallucinations, convulsions, and CNS depression or coma. However, the most life-threatening toxicity remains the development of cardiac dysrhythmias. Conduction delays such as QRS and corrected QT prolongation, wide QRS complex tachycardia, and the Brugada electrocardiographic pattern have been reported. Sodium bicarbonate decreases QRS widening and suppresses dysrhythmias by providing excess sodium to reverse the TCA-induced sodium-channel blockade and possibly by binding directly to the myocardium. There are no pediatric case reports on imipramine or other TCA associated toxicity in Korea. Here, we describe a patient who presented with convulsions, tachycardia with a wide QRS complex, a Brugada electrocardiographic pattern, and anuresis associated with an accidental overdose of imipramine and the outcome of treatment with sodium bicarbonate.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 1993

To evaluate KR-10876, a new fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, its effects on the central nervous system(CNS) were investigated in mmice as part of phamacological study, and the results were compared with those for ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, two prototypes of quinolone antiabctrial agents. All the parameters indicative of CNS function and acute toxicity were measured by close observation of the animals at regular time intervals after oral treatment of test compounds. KR-10876 did not have any effect on the parameters measured at lower does (100, 300 mg/kg, p.o.), it caused ptosis, suppressed spontaneous locomotor activity, hypothemia, and prolonged hexobarbital-induced sleeping time. KR-10876 also had a slight effect on motor coordination only at high dose. Simialr to ciprofloxacin, KR-10876 did not protect mice from pentylenetetrazol-strychnine-, and electroshock-inducedl convulsions at doses tested. These findings demonstrate that KR-10876 affects CNS functions only at high doses. The rank order for effects is ofloxacin$\le$KR-10876>ciprofloxacin.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.960-966
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• 2002

Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae (JGD) has sweet in flavour and slightly cold in property, acting on the liver and pericardium channels. This drug was described in a medical classic as having the ability to remove 'heat', check hyperfunction of the liver and relieve dizziness, tremors, and convulsions, and subdue 'endogenous wind'. So this study was estimated to check the anti-neuropathological effect of JGD on the Alzheimer in βAPP overexpression in neuroblastoma cell line and JGD extract was showed significantly anti-alzheimer effects (50 and 100 μg/㎖ of JGD extracts) compared with control group. Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae has anti-alzheimer effects on the βAPP overexpression in neuroblastoma cell line. So we expect that Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae may be used as a drug for neurodegenerative disease, such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD). These results indicate that Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae possess strong inhibitory effect in the nervous system of apoptosis and repair effect against the degeneration of Neuroblastoma cells by βAPP expression.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.390-396
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• 1999

CJ-50005 is a hepatitis A vaccine which is prepared by formalin inactivation of the HM175 virus cultured in human diploid MRC-5 cells. The general pharmacological properties of CJ-50005 were evaluated in various animals and in vitor system. CJ-50005 at the doses of 0.025, 0.25 and 0.75 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, i.m. had no effect on general behavior in mice, chemo- and electro-convulsions in mice, writhing syndrome induced by acetic acid in mice, the barbital sleeping time in mice, body temperature in rats, charcoal meal propulsion in mice and urine and electrolytes excretion in rats. In anesthetized dogs, CJ-50005(0.25 and 0.75 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, i.v) did not alter the respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate, femoral blood flow and ECG. In in vitro experiment, CJ-50005 at the concentration up to 0.02 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml did not produce any changes in the contractions of the isolated ileum of guinea pigs caused by acetylcholine, histamine or $BaCl_2$. Since these pharmacological effects of CJ-50005 were observed at dose much greater than those in clinical use (approximately 0.025 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, i.m.), it is likely that this vaccine may be relatively free of undesirable effects in clinical practice.