• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권8호
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• pp.451-459
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• 2020

This study aims to examine the relationship of the four factors that increase the protection of minority shareholder investment. The factors are non-controlling shareholders, corporate governance, free cash flow, and shareholder wealth. The data for this study is obtained from the 2017 annual reports of 136 Thai public companies listed in the Market of Alternative Investment of Thailand (MAI). The analysis uses a multiple regression model to determine which factors encourage and which inhibit the protection of minority shareholder investment. The study tests four hypotheses. The results rejected H1 because non-controlling shareholders have negatively correlated with minority shareholder investment protection (beta -0.155 and p-value 0.050). The results accepted H2, H3 and H4 as follows. H2: corporate governance has positively correlated with minority shareholder investment protection (beta 0.17 and p-value 0.031). H3: free cash flow has positively correlated with minority shareholder investment protection (beta 0.214 and p-value 0.007). H4: shareholder wealth has positively correlated with minority shareholder investment protection (beta 0.318 and p-value 0.000). The major findings suggest strong minority shareholder investment protection was enhanced by increasing corporate governance, free cash flow and shareholder wealth. The protection of minority shareholder investment needs to reduce non-controlling shareholding pattern.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2022

Purpose: Controlling and minority shareholders sometimes have conflicting interests. Controlling shareholders who do not have adequate monitoring can exhibit a strong tendency to maximize their personal wealth. In this case, cash holdings can be the easiest means for them to pursue their personal interests. This study examined whether the largest shareholder's ownership proportion affected the speed at which firms adjust their cash holdings to target levels in Korean distribution and service companies. Research design, data, and methodology: The study uses regression analysis to examine 834 firm-year samples listed on the KOSPI between 2013 and 2018 in the distribution and service sectors. Results: The largest shareholder's ownership is positively related to a firm's cash holdings adjustment speed. That is, the larger the largest shareholder's ownership, the faster the firm adjusts its cash holdings to achieve the target level. Conclusions: This study contributes to the literature by providing evidence that the cash holdings adjustment speed in Korean service and distribution companies is affected by the largest shareholder's ownership. As the agency problem between controlling and minority shareholders in Korea is a major issue, minority owners' sensitivity to agency costs may help restrict controlling owners' ability to maximize their personal wealth.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.241-263
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• 2009

이 논문은 1994년부터 2002년까지의 중국 상장기업의 데이터를 이용, 기업의 소유구조가 기업성과에 미치는 영향을 분석한 것이다. 특히 이 논문은 중국의 상장기업에 관한 새로운 주식 분류체계를 이용하여 기업 지배주주의 유형, 지배주주의 지분, 소주주들의 지분이 기업성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 관련 가설을 검증하였다. 이 연구를 통해 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. 주주로서 국가의 존재가 이윤보다는 고용을 유지하는 등 정책적 목표를 우선적으로 추구하거나 혹은 당과 정부의 개입을 초래함으로써 정치비용을 발생시켜 기업성과에 부정적인 영향을 끼칠 것이라는 주장은 적어도 정부지배 기업에게는 적용될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 아울러, 지배주주의 지분이 클수록 지배주주가 경영자에 대한 감시를 강화할 유인이 커지거나 혹은 지배주주가 소주주를 착취(expropriate)할 유인이 줄어 드는 것으로 인해 기업성과에 양의 영향을 미치게 된다는 주장은 민간기업 및 부분적으로는 시장화 국유기업에는 적용될 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 소주주들은 경영자 감시에 적극적으로 나섬으로써 기업성과에 양의 영향을 미친다는 주장은 시장화 국유기업과 부분적으로는 민간 기업에는 적용될 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.5434-5441
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• 2013

본 연구는 지배주주의 소유지배괴리도가 경영자 보수에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해 2001년부터 2008까지 공정위가 상호출자제한 기업집단으로 발표한 기업집단 소속 122개 기업 575건을 대상으로 실증분석을 시하였다. 실증분석 결과, 첫째, 지배주주의 소유지배괴리도와 경영자 보상 (등기임원 1인당 현금보상) 간에는 부(-)의 유의적인 관계가 존재하였다. 둘째, 지배주주의 소유지배괴리도는 경영성과와 경영자 보상 간의 민감도에 부(-)의 유의적인 영향을 미쳤다. 본 결과는 지배주주가 소유지분을 초과하여 지배권을 가질수록 지배주주의 대리인 비용에 대한 이해관계자의 우려를 완화시키기 위해 경영자 보상 수준을 낮추는 반면 경영성과에 대한 경영자 보상의 민감도를 약화시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2014

Purpose - This study conducted empirical research on non-financial corporations listed on the stock exchange from 2001 to 2010, focusing on the effects of corporate governance on real earnings management of corporations. In particular, this study examined primarily the impact of the largest shareholder who could use earnings management to pursue his own self-interest, and foreign investors who played a checking role against the largest shareholders. The study also reviewed the relationship between corporate governance and earnings management while also considering corporate growth. Research design, data, and methodology - As for the measurements of real earnings management, abnormal operating cash flow and abnormal production cost were utilized. As for the independent variables, share ratio of the largest shareholder and affiliate person (M) and share ratio of foreign investors (FT) were leveraged. This study excluded those organizations that had changed their fiscal years, those that had not submitted an audit report, corporations under supervision, delisted corporations, corporations that had changed their business type, and so on, from the non-financial corporations out of the publicly traded corporations whose fiscal year ended in December from 2001 to 2010 in addition, KIS values were utilized for the corporate financial data in the study. To verify whether management structure and growth had an impact on real earnings management of a corporation through empirical analysis, a multiple regression analysis model was applied. Result - First, as a result of the analysis, the share ratio (M) of the largest shareholder and affiliate person was found to have a significant positive correlation with abnormal cash flow from operations(ACF) and abnormal production cost (APD). When controlling the growth, the share ratio (M) of the largest shareholder and affiliate person was found to have an insignificant correlation with abnormal cash flow from operations(ACF) but a significant correlation with abnormal production cost (APD). Second, foreign ownership (FT) was found to have a significant positive correlation with abnormal cash flow from operations(ACF) and abnormal production cost (APD) at the confidence level of 1 percent when not including the growth dummy. When controlling the growth, foreign ownership (FT) was found to have a significant negative correlation with abnormal cash flow from operations (ACF) and with abnormal production cost (APD). Conclusion - The results imply that the largest shareholder is closely related to earnings management through real activities regardless of corporate growth. It is also possible to determine from these results that foreign investors are related to earnings management through real activities when not considering corporate growth, but that they would reduce earnings management in the case of considering the growth. Thus, this study verified along with the existing studies that foreign investors were conducting the control function on controlling shareholders.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine how the characteristics of family firms affect stock price crash risk. Prior studies argued that the opacity of information due to agency problem causes a plunge in stock prices. The governance characteristics of family firms can increase information opacity which leads to crash risk. Therefore, this study verifies whether family firms have a high possibility of stock price crash risk. We use a logistic regression model to test the relationship between family firms and stock price crash risk using listed firms listed on the Korean Stock Exchange during the fiscal years 2011 through 2017. The family firm is defined as the case where the controlling shareholder is the chief executive officer or the registered executive. If the controlling shareholder's share is less than 5%, it is not considered a family business. We found that family firms are more likely to experience a plunge in stock prices. This supports the hypothesis of this study that passive information disclosure behavior and information opacity of family firms increase stock price crash risk.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.105-113
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• 2005

I investigate whether the efficient ratios used as the proxies of the agency costs maintained by Ang et al.(2000) is significant. Utilizing a sample of 77 manufacturing companies listed on the KOSDAQ from the TS2000 of the KSDA, The results are as follows. Agency costs are found to be decreasing with the ownership share of controlling shareholders and accounting performance becomes higher. But firm value measured by Tobin's Q ratio becomes lower according as the ownership of the controlling shareholders increases. If agency costs decrease in proportion to controlling shareholder's share, firm value should be higher according to the agency theory by Jensen and Meckling(I976). But the results of the empirical test of this study are inconsistent with Jensen and Meckling's(1976). Therefore the following study on the more useful proxies stand for agency costs should be needed.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제12권12호
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• pp.5558-5563
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• 2011

본 연구는 지배주주의 소유-지배 괴리도가 연구개발투자에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해 2001년부터 2009년까지 대규모 기업집단 소속 108개 제조업 기업의 9개년 자료를 이용하여 패널분석을 실시하였다. 실증분석 결과, 소유-지배 괴리도와 연구개발투자 간에 부(-)의 유의적인 관계가 존재하였다. 본 결과는 지배주주가 소유지분을 초과하여 지배권을 가질수록 지배주주의 사적 이익을 위해 기업 자산을 유용할 유인이 증가하므로, 장기적인 기업가치 제고를 위한 연구개발투자를 줄이고 있음을 시사한다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.247-255
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• 2019

This study examines the different roles of cash flow in assessing investment returns in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The analysis covers over 900 listed firms across Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand for the period post the Asian financial crisis of 2001-2017. Firm-level panel data analysis shows that cash flow factors are important in all contexts of cash return on assets, earnings quality and market value multiple across the region even after controlling for typical measures of profitability. The results suggest that firms should manage cash flow prudently in considerations of firm value from the shareholder's perspective, measured directly using stock return. Cash profitability on assets should become an important firm performance indicator, whilst higher cash component over reported earnings is preferred. The market also tends to respond favourably to cash flow yield as a price multiple in valuation, outpacing the role of earnings yield. Such findings are robust across the pre and post subprime crisis periods, across estimation methods pertaining to finance panel standard errors, as well as across static and dynamic considerations of returns. It is hence sensible to consider cash flow factors in the research pertaining to asset pricing and factor investing in the ASEAN region.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권10호
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• pp.105-113
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• 2022

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the ratio of non-controlling shareholder interests (minority equity ratio, MER) and the measurement error in real activities manipulation (RM) proxy for Japanese firms. Many Japanese firms have practiced stakeholder-oriented corporate governance systems. Previous studies suggest that the higher the MER, the more Japanese businesses tend to employ management techniques for the group's sales growth while also reallocating resources inside the group to reduce principal-principal conflicts. Such differences in management strategies by firms could lead to measurement error in the RM proxy. The analysis uses 16,450 firm-years listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. The results of our analysis show that there is a positive relationship between MER and the RM proxy, and high persistence of RM proxies, suggesting that the RM proxies may contain measurement error. We also find that MER is correlated with variables associated with management strategy and that controlling for these variables can reduce the measurement error of RM proxy in firms with large MER. This study extends previous research on measurement error in RM proxy by relating them to ownership structure and corporate governance. This paper would contribute to researchers examining issues related to RM.