• 무역상무연구
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• 제72권
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• pp.1-24
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• 2016

This study focused on getting clear understanding on the legal bases in terms of plurality of obligors and plurality of obligees through a analysis the PICC(2010) which has been standing firmly as the general principles of international commercial contract. Related to the title of this paper, PICC are dealing with not only plurality of obligors but plurality of obligees. The contents of the former are as follows; presumption of joint and several obligations and obligee's rights against joint and several obligors (arts.11.1.1, 11.1.2, 11.1.3), availability of defences and rights of set-off and effect of performance and set-off (arts.11.1.4, 11.1.5), effect of release or settlement and effect of expiration or suspension of limitation period (arts.11.1.6, 11.1.7), effect of judgment (art.11.1.8), apportionment among joint and several obligors and extent of contributory claim (arts.11.1.9, 11.1.10), rights of the obligee, defences in contributory claims, inability to recover (arts.11.1.11, 11.1.12, 11.1.13) and so on. On the other hand the contents of the latter are as follows; definitions (art.11.2.1), effects of joint and several claims (art.11.1.2), availability of defences against joint and several obligees (art.11.2.3), allocation between joint and several obligees (art.11.1.4). The main subjects are one is when several obligors are bound by the same obligation towards an obligee, the obligations are joint and several when each obligor is bound for the whole obligation, the obligations are separate when each obligor is bound only for its share and the other is when several obligees can claim performance of the same obligation from an obligor, the claims are separate when each obligee can only claim its share, the claims are joint and several when each obligee can claim the whole performance and the claims are joint when all obligees have to claim performance together.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.149-163
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 지리정보시스템 환경에서 지하매설물 정보를 이용하여 토립자 유실을 고려한 도시 지반 함몰 취약성을 평가하였다. 지하 환경에서 물의 흐름이나 지하수위 변화에 의한 토립자 유실은 지하공동의 발생과 확장을 유도하고, 이는 지반함몰 발생에 직접적인 원인이 된다. 토립자 유실은 지하 환경에 따라 그 정도가 달라질 수 있기 때문에 본 연구에서는 지하매설물 2종(상수도 관망, 하수관로)과 지하철 선로 권역별로 지반함몰에 영향을 주는 인자를 각각 4개씩 선정하였다. 로지스틱 회귀분석 기법을 이용하여 지하매설물 및 지하철 선로 권역 별로 지반함몰 이력과 영향인자 간의 상관성을 분석하고 회귀식을 도출하였으며, 이를 토대로 3개의 지반함몰 취약성 지도를 작성하였다. 본 연구 결과는 도시 지반함몰 위험 예·경보 시스템 구축을 위한 지반함몰 고위험지역 및 지반 안전 상시 모니터링 지역 선정 근거에 대한 기초 자료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.25-52
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• 1993

Variation in the utilization of medical services is a very important issue in cost containment and quality assurance of health care. Practice variation directly affects health care expenditure especially in fee-for-service system, which is the payment system of health insurance in Korea. In addition to cost issue it is generally accepted that variations in medical practice and the cost of inpatient care suggest the possibility of inappropriate quality of care. This study is to closely examine the patterne and degrees of variation in cost structure of inpatient care among types of hospital and individual hospitals in some tracer diseases, and also to inquire into the service items which contribute much to the variation of total medical care cost. Foru common diseases, i.e. Cesarean Section, appendectomy, cataract extraction and pediatric pneumonia, were selected as tracer diseases. In most tracer diseases there were statistically significant differences in total medical care cost among hospitals in same type of hospital as well as among types of hospital(p<0.01). When total medical care cost were subdivided into the types of service, cost of medication and diagnostic examination varied the most prominenly. When the cost of medication were subdivided again, cost of parenteral antibiotics showed the most prominent variation. Of total medical care cost, medication was most contributory to the variation of total medical care cost(58.1~82.3%), and cost of antibiotics was most contributory to the variation of medication cost(63.9~92.2%). The results of study implicated that reducing the variation of medication may plays a significant role in containing the cost of inpatient care. In order to sort out the factors affecting practice variations including drug prescription pattes further researches are required.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2005

This paper considered the impact of changing the product liability rule from consumer to producer liability on product safety under asymmetric information. In particular, it has been attempted to remove several constraints on antecedent studies. The main results of the study are as follows: under the misperception of the risk on a product, consumers may underestimate the probability of product failure. In this case, the accident rate can be lowered under the producer's liability rule. However, even under the asymmetric information, a consumer's estimation on the probability may be converged with the expected risk level, which could be called the 'rational expectation.' In this situation the probability of product failure can be lowered under the strict liability with contributory negligence. Additionally, it is possible to reduce the probability of product failure when a legal rule that imposes liability on cheapest cost avoider is admitted.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2014

Comparatively, the construction industry has, on average, a higher rate of fatal and major injuries, work induced ill-health and damage to properties than other industrial sectors; and this is a source of concern to industry stakeholders. The study showed that although subcontracting could be contributory to an increase in workplace accidents in the construction industry, contractual aspects of subcontracting arrangements (such as the power imbalance that exist along the client-customer interface) also present opportunities for improvements in health and safety management (HSM) practices in organisations. This conclusion was reached after an analysis of a questionnaire survey (with a 27% response rate) that assessed the attitudes and perception to health and safety issues.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2001

Present study was undertaken in order to document early renal ultrasonographic changes of gentamicin nephrotoxicosis and to show the value of renal ultrasonography as a contributory means of early diagnosis of acute renal failure in dogs. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with six treatments in two blocks (gentamicin-treated & saline-treated). Acute renal failure was induced by toxic dosage of gentamicin (30 mg/kg) and saline solution sham equivalent in volume to that of the toxic dosage of gentamicin (1.5-3ml). Subjective visualization of increased renal cortex was visible as homogenous echoes that were hypoechoic relative to the surrounding tissues, whereas the renal medulla was anechoic to slightly hypoechoic. After treatment, the renal cortex was hyperechoic relative to the surrounding tissue. Increased renal cortex echogenicity was associated with significant nephrotoxicosis and was superior to serum creatinine elevation in nephrotoxicosis detection. Urine GGT was superior to other clinicopathological data utilized in the diagnosis of nephrotoxicosis. Based on the above results, increased renal cortex echogenicity seemed to be of use in detecting of acute renal failure.

• 한국국방경영분석학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2004

In this paper, we propose a new data-mining-based methodology for military occupational specialty assignment. The proposed methodology consists of two phases, feature selection and man-power assignment. In the first phase, the k-means partitioning algorithm and the optimal variable weighting algorithm are used to determine attribute weights. We address limitations of the optimal variable weighting algorithm and suggest a quadratic programming model that can handle categorical variables and non-contributory trivial variables. In the second phase, we present an integer programming model to deal with a man-power assignment problem. In the model, constraints on demand-supply requirements and training capacity are considered. Moreover, the attribute weights obtained in the first phase for each specialty are used to measure dissimilarity. Results of a computational experiment using real-world data are provided along with some analysis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.534-536
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• 1985

In a review of our cases presenting with urethral strictures, we noted a high incidence following open heart surgery. In an attempt to elucidate factors predisposing to the occurrence of urethral stricture, we studied the following data; preoperative laboratory study, aortic clamp time, dosage of heparin and protamine, degree of hypothermia, platelet count, and blood pressure. No significant differences were found between the stricture group and the non-stricture group. Of 33 patients admitted in our hospital with urethral stricture, 8 had suffered after open heart surgery. We believe that the urethral catheter is at least partly responsible for stricture formation. Associated factor, for example urethral ischemia, may be contributory.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.148-161
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• 2006

본 연구는 전략기획의 관점에서 국내외적 환경요인에 대한 SWOT분석과 델파이조사를 통해 한국 건설기계산업의 현 위상과 당면과제를 살펴보고 전략적 쟁점을 도출하고자 한다. 이와 함께 SWOT분석 등을 통해 도출된 전략적 쟁점을 해결하기 위한 건설기계산업의 발전적인 정책대안을 제시함으로써 한국 건설기계산업의 국제경쟁력 제고와 안정적인 성장을 유지하고자 한다.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.16-23
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• 2016

The use of inappropriate procurement methods to deliver construction projects has long been acknowledged as a major source of poor project performance and is particularly problematic for the Libyan Construction Industry. Poor procurement method selection has been recognised as a major contributory factor to frequent time and cost overruns. This paper offers a way of selecting specific procurement methods to maximize successful project performance. The methodology involves an intensive review of relevant literature, followed by a semi-structured questionnaire survey. The key findings of the study reveal that 11 out of its 12 common selection criteria exhibit a significant contribution to one or more project performance criteria (time, cost and quality). Project clients should therefore prioritise these criteria when selecting a design-bid-build method. Knowledge of the criteria that contribute positively to project performance will also enable clients to work out, prior to and during construction, the best measures and provisions for successful project outcomes.