• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2 s.32
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• pp.296-302
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• 1996

Pericarpium Citri Nobilis Viride, a traditional herb medicine, has been used in Korea and China for many centuries as a treatment for respiratory disease. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of Pericarpium Citri Nobilis Viride on histamine-induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction in rats. Guinea pigs(500g , female) were killed by $CO_2$ exposure and a segment (8-10mm) of the thoracic trachea from each guinea pig was cut into equal segments and mounted 'in pairs' in a tissue bath. Contractile force was measured with force displacement transducers under 0.5g loading tension. The dose of histamine which evoked 50% of maximal response $(ED_{50})$ was obtained from cumulative dose response curves for histamine $(10^{-7}-10^{-4}M)$. Contractions evoked by histamine ($ED_{50}$) were inhibited significantly by Pericarpium Citri Nobilis Viride. The mean percent inhibition was 53.7% (P<0.05) after 1.5mg／ml Pericarpium Citri Nobilis Viride, and 87.7% (P<0.01) after 5.0mg／ml Pericarpium Citri Nobilis Viride. Propranolol $(10^{-7}M)$ slightly but significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of Pericarpium Citri Nobilis Viride. Following treatment with propranolol the mean present inhibition caused by 1.5 and 5.0mg／ml Pericarpium Citri Nobilis Viride. Indomethacin and methylene blue $(10^{-7}M)$ did not significantly alter the inhibitory effect of Pericarpium Citri Nobilis Viride These results indicate that Pericarpium Citri Nobilis Viride can relax histamine-induced contraction of guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, and that this inhibition involves in part symphathetic nerve system.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.310-319
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• 2000

WooHwangChungSimWon is a traditional prescription formula for treating with hypertension, arteriosclerosis, coma, and stroke in China, Korea, and Japan. In the new prescription of WooHwangChungSimWon, the civet is substituted for the musk, the major component of WooHwangChungSimwon, because of the prohibition law (CITES) on the commercial use of musk. We have made a comparative study of the effects on the hypertension and contractile force of heart between the musk-containing and civet-containing WooHwangChungSimWon. The SHR rats were used for investigating the effects on the hypertension and the rabbits were used for investigating effects on the contractile force of isolated heart. The blood pressure which was recorded during the adminstration period showed that all the samples except the low dose of musk-containing WooHwangChungSimWon decreased the blood pressure, and the effects on the heart works of all the samples were higher than control group, which resulted from the examination of isolated heart. These results suggest that all the musk-containing and civet-containing WooHwangChungSimWon formula have similar protective effects on hypertension and palpitation.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.4
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• pp.267-311
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• 1995

This study was performed to analyze the effects of WhoaDam-JiHae PyeongChunYak on contracted tracheal smooth muscle in rat. Transverse strips were used for the experiment using organ bath. The test strip was perfused with modified Krebs-Ringer Bicarbonate solution which was aerated with 95% $O_2$-5% $CO_2$ mixed gas and kept at $37^{\circ}C$. WhoaDam-JiHae PyeongChunYak extract and acetylcholine infused tracheal strip that was contracted with acetylcholine. The results were as follows : 1. The contractile force of tracheal strip by acetylcholine was significantly increased by Pinelliae Rhizoma, Arisaematis Rhizoma, Sinapis Semen. Typhonii Rhizoma, Peucedani Radix, Eriobotryae Folium, Platycodi Radix, Bambusae Caulis Taeniam, Benincasae Semen, Armeniacae Amarum Semen, Asteris Radix, Periliae Fructus, Mori cortex and Lepidii Semen. 2. Arisaematis Rhizoma($1{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$, $3{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$, $10{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$) and Asteris Radix($1{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$, $3{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$) slightly relaxed the contracted tracheal strip by acetylcholine. 3. Farfarae Flos significantly relaxed the contracted tracheal strip by acetylcholine. 4. The contractile force of tracheal strip by acetylcholine was significantly increased by Stemonae Radix at $30{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$, on the other hand Stemonae Radix at $100{\mu}{\ell}/m{\ell}$ significantly relaxed the contracted tracheal strip by acetylcholine.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.1 s.17
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• pp.7-13
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• 1975

In Chinese medicine, it is said that Aconiti tuber has cardiotonic, diuretic and analgesic effects. Kim et al reported that alkaloid free part of Aconiti tuber, $CHCI_3$ insoluble fraction, showed inotropic effect on isolated frog heart and inotropic effect is potenciated by n-butanol fractionation. To investigate the effect of Aconiti tuber butanol fraction on the mechanical and electrical properties of heart, change of active tension, excitability and refractory period of isolated rabbit atrium in the presence of butanol fraction were measured and the comparison with that of ouabain and quinidine was done. The observed results are as follows. 1. $5{\times}10^{-4}g/ml$ concentration of Aconiti tuber butanol fraction showed approximately same effect with therapeutic concentration of ouabain on the increment of contractile force, and the effect of $2{\times}10^{-3}g/ml$ was greater than that of $1{\times}10^{-5}g/ml$ of ouabain. 2. Acceleration of rate of contractile force increment in the presence of Aconiti tuber butanol fraction was greater than in ouabain, and the time to maximum tension was shorter in Aconiti tuber butanol fraction than in ouabain. 3. The excitability of isolated atrium was slightly increased at low concentration of Aconiti tuber butanol fraction, while decreased at higher concentration. 4. Aconiti tuber butanol fraction slightly prolonged refractory period of isolated right atrium at the concentration of $2{\times}10^{-3}g/ml$.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.83-93
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• 1997

Rhizoma Coptidis, a traditional herb medicine, has been used in Korea and China for many centuries as a treatment for many disease. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of Rhizoma Coptidis on histamine-induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction in guinea pigs and rats. Guinea pigs(500g, male) and rats(250g, male) were killed by $CO_2$ exposure and a segment (8-10mm) of the thoracic trachea from each guinea pig was cut into equal segments and mounted 'in pairs' in a tissue bath. Contractile force was measured with force displacement transducers under 0.5g loading tension. The dose of histamine which evoked 50% of maximal response ($ED_{50}$) was obtained from cumulative dose response curves for histamine ($10^{-7}-10^{-3}M$). Contractions evoked by histamine($ED_{50}$) were inhibited significantly by Rhizoma Coptidis. The mean percent inhibition was 33.2% after 1.5mg/ml Rhizoma Coptidis, and 69.5% after 5.0mg/ml Rhizoma Coptidis in guinea pigs, and the mean percent inhibition was 25.3% after 1.5mg/ml Rhizoma Coptidis, and 65.8% after 5.0mg/ml Rhizoma Coptidis in rats. Indomethacin ($10^{-7}M$) slightly but significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of Rhizoma Coptidis. But propranolol and methylene blue ($10^{-7}M$) did not significantly alter the inhibitory effect of Rhizoma Coptidis. These results indicate that Rhizoma Coptidis can relax histamine-induced contraction of guinea pig and rat tracheal smooth muscle, and that this inhibition involves, in part, cyclooxygenese inhibitor.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1107-1110
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• 2004

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of supercritical fluid extract of Kamichungbieum (SFE) on the contraction of isolated rat aorta. The contractile force of rat aorta was measured with force displacement transducer under 1.5g loading tension. The contraction of aorta induced by phenylephrine 0.1 μM was inhibited by SFE. The aorta relaxed by SFE was inhibited by the pretreatment of L-NNA, ODQ or indomethacin, respectively. These results indicate that SFE induce the relaxation of isolated aorta via activation of nitric oxide, cAMP and cyclooxygenase in epithelium cells.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.1 s.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 1966

Dichloroisoproterenol(DCI) i; one of the well known ${\beta}$-adrenergic receptor blocking agents. According to Moran and Perkins, DCI has sympathomimetic like action in relatively low concentrations. Fleming and Hawkins confirmed that DCI acts upon the receptors concerned with positive chronotropic and inotropic actions in the heart. Vogins reported that DCI, in concentration of $5{\times}10^{-8}$ to $5{\times}10^{-6}g/ml$, had properties of sympathomimetic amine causing positive inotropic and chronotropic actions in normal rat atria. And James and Nadeau found that DCI had not only adrenergic blocking effect in moderate and higher concentrations, but it also blocked the effect on the sinus node by vagal stimulation and of directly administered acetylcholine in higher concentrations. As stated above by many authors, DCI has complicated actions according to its concentrations. Our aim at the present experiments was to study the effects of DCI to the action of ouabain and acetylcholine upon the excised rabbit atria, as well as to the action of barium chloride and acetylcholine upon the excised rabbit intestine. In addition, Pan ax Ginseng is widely used as tonics in oriental nations, its pharmacological action, however, has not been clearly established. So we atempted to investigate the effects of the water extract of Panax Ginseng to the action of ouabain and DCI upon both atria and intestine. The results obtained were as follows. 1) DCI has a negative inotropic effect on the excised rabbit atria at concentration of $10^{-5}$ and a positive inotropic effect at concentration of $10^{-6}$. 2) DCI (at concentration of $10^{-6}$) potentiates the positive inotropic effect of ouabain upon the excised rabbit atria. 3) DCI antagonizes the action of acetylcholine upon the excised rabbit atria. 4) The water extract of Panax Ginseng, at concentration of $10^{-3}$, decreases the contractile force of rabbit atria, and tends to slightly increase that of rabbit atria at $10^{-4}$. 5) The water extract of Panax Ginseng exhibits a synergistic action with ouabain on the contractile force of rabbit atria. 6) DCI, in concentrations of $10^{-7}{\sim}10^{-6}$, depresses the tone and amplitude of contraction of the excised rabbit intestine. The depression of the intestinal tone markedly appears in pretreatment with reserpine 2mg/kg 24 hours. 7) DCI antagonizes the contractile effect of barium chloride on the excised rabbit atria. 8) DCI has no significant influence on the action of acetylcholine upon the excised rabbit intestine. 9) The series of those evidences indicates that DCI has a sympathomimetic-like action and more over a relaxing action directly on the excised rabbit intestine. 10) The water extract of Panax Ginseng in concentrations of $10^{-4}{\sim}10^{-3}$, has transient depression of the intestinal tone, but later gradually recovers its normal motility: 11) The water extract of Panax Ginseng has a synergistic action with ouabain on the intestinal contractility.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 1993

The abilities of metabolic substrates, glucose, pyruvate, and acetate to produce a maximal increase in the force of contraction of substrate-depleted atria from fed rats were compared to those from starved rats, in order to observe the effect of starvation on substrate utilization of the myocardium. Starvation results in a marked loss of body weight in rats. In contrast to the starved rats, the body weight of fed rats increased with time. When placed in substrate-free medium, atria from fed rats showed marked decline in contractile force. In contrast to the atria from fed rats, the substrate-depleted atria from starved rats showed much less decline of the force of contraction. In the substrate-free medium, abilities of glucose, pyruvate, and acetate to produce a maximal increase in the force of contraction of atria from fed rats were much greater than those from starved rats. The data from these studies indicate that in the substrate-free medium atria from starved rats utilize much less exogenous substrates than those from fed rats. These results suggest that starvation has no deleterious effect on contractile activity of the myocardium, and the starvation increase the storage of readily metabolizable endogenous substrstes useful for the functional activity of the isolated heart.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.98-105
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• 1996

Studies on thermal adaptation postulate that optimal temperature of physiological properties matches a usually experienced body temperature (Tb) of organisms. Hibernating bats maintain Tb's that are slighdy higher than ambient temperatures (9$^{\circ}$-12$^{\circ}$C) of their wintering sites. To test the hypothesis that muscle function is adjusted to the Tb range of the hibernating animals, we examined contractile function of the biceps brachil muscle of Korean greater horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus ferrumequlnum korai (n = 5) at tissue temperatures between 1O$^{\circ}$ and 35$^{\circ}$C. Relative tetanic force (% of maximum force) was highest at temperatures of 1O$^{\circ}$-15$^{\circ}$C, which match well their Tb's during hibernation. Because non-hibernating endotherms with Tb of around 37$^{\circ}$C show the optimal temperature for muscle force over 30$^{\circ}$-40$^{\circ}$C, our results strongly suggest that the flight muscle of the bats may exhibit thermal adjustments according to their seasonal Tb's. The capacity to generate strong force at such low body temperatures may be adaptive, because bats must have muscles functioning to fly for occasional watering or excretion, or to move away from potential predators during hibernation.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.31 no.1 s.57
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• pp.53-61
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• 1995

The experiments were performed to determine whether the cardiac depressant action of lidocaine is directly associated with the utilization of endogenous substrates in isolated rat atria, by using citrate and bicarbonate-free medium known as potent inhibitors of phosphofructokinases (PFK) enzyme step. Citrate and bicarbonate-free medium produced negative inotropic action of isolated rat atria incubated in normal Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate glucose medium. Pyruvate and acetate increased the force of contraction of atria depressed by citrate or bicarbonate-free medium, whereas fructose was without effect indicating the inhibitory effect of citrate and bicarbonate-free medium at some point in the glycolytic pathway such as the PFK step in atria. In the absence of exogenous substrate, citrate and bicarbonate-free medium produced a marked depression of the force of substrate-depleted atria indicating that utilization of endogenous substrate above the PFK step, probably cardiac glycogen, is also impaired by citrate or bicarbonate-free medium. Lidocaine produced further depression of the contractile force of atria depressed by citrate. These results argue strongly for an additional mechanism of cardiac depression caused by lidocaine involving the sites below the PFK.