• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.107-135
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• 2016

Medical tour can be said to be a new high added-value tour industry of 21st century. The development of varied and distinguished medical tour products by each country will further vitalize the medical tour industry. As the interest in such medical tour increases, it is necessary to analyze the demand and interests of tourists accurately and prepare medical tour products to be provided in order to develop and promote medical tour products. The government considers the medical tour industry as an industry with high expected effects in job creation through promotion of experts in global healthcare industry and national economy development through high added-value creation, and has expanded aid policies in medical tour field with improvement of medical tour immigration system, one-stop service system for medical tourists, and medical tour labor force promotion system. Nevertheless, there are disputes between foreign patients and medical tour inviting businesses, along with medical accident disputes between foreign patients and medical staff and disputes with those working in the tourism industry. This article reviews the types of disputes occurring around the inviting businesses related to medical tours and tried to review the resolutions. Through this, it was found that medical tour inviting businesses have the responsibility to connect the mediated benefits and risks and also the responsibility to process the tasks. Thus, in case dispute occurs due to passive actions from establishing agency agreement to active mediation results, it is difficult to escape the liabilities. Also, in a medical tour agency contract, the inviting business must be aware that it bears the responsibility to explain and advise the details on benefits and risks to foreign patients. The "Guide to arbitration system for resolution of medical disputes with foreign patients" by Korea Health Industry Development Institute Act presents a method to resolve disputes according to the [laws on medical accident damage relief and medical dispute arbitration] in case a dispute due to medical accidents occurs to foreign patients when the foreign patients prepare diagnosis agreement, Whether such method is sufficient to protect foreign patients, however, is thought to require discussions from more diverse perspectives. In order to vitalize medical tourism, the development of diverse products is also important, but the countermeasures against related disputes should also be prepared. Such is expected to contribute to a greater advancement based on trust of foreign medical tourists alongside excellent medical technologies.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.37-57
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• 1987

This article discussed the characteristics of several Pareto-optimal incentive contracts between owner and labor, more specifically, four situations: reporting output jointly observable by labor ana owner; reporting both output and effort; incorporating other endogenous elements (like capital) that affect the production process and Pareto-optimal fee schedules; and ascertaining the effects of private pre-decision information private- decision information, and per-contact informational asymmetries. Also presented were several extensions of the basic contractual model, and the different components of agency costs associated with labor-owner contractual relations. In a single-period model, the agency problem exists because the uncertainty prevents the owner from using the cash flow to determine unambiguously the labor's action. Holmstrom(1979) suggests that "when the same situation repeats itself over time, the effects of uncertainty tend to be reduced and dystunctional behavior is more accurately revealed, thus alleviating the problem of moral hazard. " Under these conditions, if the labor selects the first-best level of effect in each period, the cash flow will be independent and identically distributed over time. As the number of periods increases, the variance of the labows average output, if he selects the first-best level of effort in each period, gets smaller. Note that for this diversification effect to occur, it is necessary that the owner evaluate the labor's effort over the entire history of his employment, rather than evaluate each period's performance separately. Radner(1980) and Rubinstein and Yaari(1980) consider the extreme case in which there are an infinite number of observations. They show that the owner can eventually detect and systematic shirking on the part of the labor by comparing the labor's average output with what would be expected if the labor had been selecting the first-best level of effort in each period. In a dynamic model with incentive problems we have demonstrated that the labor's second-period compensation will depend on his first-period performance. This allows the owner to diversify away some of the uncertainty surrounding the labor's actions. In addition, this allows the owner to smooth the labor's income over time by spreading the risk of the first-period outcome over both periods. At least some unexplored avenves in this area invite future accounting research: situations where owner has different incompatible objectives and negotiates a contract with labor; circumstances in which owner deals with multiple objectives and negotiates contracts with several labors simultaneously; the value of costly accounting information systems and communication in establishing, Pareto-optimal incentive contracts, and the value and effects of inside information, Thorough theoretical or empirical research on each of these topics not only would increase our knowledge about the role and significance of accounting information but could also provide explanations of the inherent differences among various organizations and in their economic behavior. behavior.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.286-294
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• 2013

Increasing concern for the health, well-being, and income of the people has expectedly brought continuous increase in the industrial value of medicinal plants in recent years as these are also used in foods and cosmetics. However, Korea's increased import of these products from China due to the FTA contract causes negative effects on its industrial value. In this regard, various measures for medicinal crop seed development and production, organization and expansion of circulation and forest land use deregulation are needed to promote the agricultural food industry including medicinal plants. As a measure, first, a database of medicinal plants should be built that can help to promote the national medicinal industry and the seed management system. Second, agricultural productivity should be enhanced via the development and supply of varieties of high quality medicinal plants. Third, there should be a good practice of the system maintenance for the production and supply of medicinal crop seeds. Fourth, production and distribution system of medicinal plants should be established by standardization of high quality seeds. Nowadays, the consumption pattern of medicinal crops is changing from direct ingestion to cosmetics, drugs, and food and this is expected to increase continuously. Consequently, the increased production of medicinal crops will support the development policy and the institutional improvement in response to this trend of the positive change of industrialization.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.47
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• pp.74-95
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• 2009

With the digital technical development, the German public broadcasting system has enlarged their online services with the rapid growth of internet population and digital channels. In the debate on online services of public broadcasting systems the major issue is that broadcasting fees finance their broadcast, though they are intended to support mass communication only. Therefore the German private broadcasting claimed to the European Union, that broadcasting fee of the German public had to be regarded as state aid concerning fair competition. Due to the autonomy of the German public broadcasting systems, guaranteed by the German Constitutional Law, a public value test was proposed to the EU and was accepted domestically. The cut in rise of broadcasting fees was stated unconstitutional by the German Constitional Court in 2007, when online services were consolidated as the third media amongst TV and radio with regard to basic provision. This with the public value tests of the public and the accept of the EU's Audio Visual Media Services Directive was constituted in the 12th amendment of the State Contract of Broadcasting. This three-dimensional legislative process could be instructive for the korean process, because Korea too is on the verge of constituting a regulatory system of convergence media.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.163-177
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to see relationship between middle school students' cellular phone consumption behavior and their mothers' consumer education. A survey was conducted with middle school students at nine middle schools in Gyeongnam who possessed a cellular phone and their mothers(1,080 in total). The results of this study are as follows: First, middle school students' cellular phone consumption behavior was relatively at the average level or higher: they were best at A/S and change and refund and were at the average level in collecting and using information for purchase followed by contract. This consumption behavior was associated with such variables as gender, academic performance, and monthly pocket money. Second, as for consumer education for middle school students' mothers in general, purchase education was most highly recognized, followed by citizenship education and value education. However, value education was relatively weak, which should be reinforced. Mothers' consumer education was associated with children's grade, academic performance and monthly pocket money. Third, since middle school students' desirable cellular phone consumption behavior was strongly associated with their mothers' consumer education, it is highly urgent to improve the quality of consumer education by mothers at home.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 2019

Currently, numerous companies and institutes provide services using the Internet, and establish and operate Information Systems to manage them efficiently and reliably. The Information System implies the possibility of losing the ability to provide normal services due to a disaster or disability. It is preparing for this by utilizing a disaster recovery system. However, existing disaster recovery systems cannot perform normal recovery if files for system recovery are corrupted. In this paper, we proposed a system that can verify the integrity of the system recovery file and proceed with recovery by utilizing hyper-ledger fabric blockchain. The PBFT consensus algorithm is used to generate the blocks and is performed by the leader node of the blockchain network. In the event of failure, verify the integrity of the recovery file by comparing the hash value of the recovery file with the hash value in the blockchain and proceed with recovery. For the evaluation of proposed techniques, a comparative analysis was conducted based on four items: existing system recovery techniques and data consistency, able to data retention, recovery file integrity, and using the proposed technique, the amount of traffic generated was analyzed to determine whether it was actually applicable.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.97-108
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• 2021

Labor contracts appear in form as an exchange relationship between labor products and wages, but since they transcend the level of simple barter, they can be economically identified as "trading" and can be identified as "rental." From a legal point of view, a legal device that legally supports and imposes binding force on commodity exchange relations is a contract. Such a labor contract led to a relationship in which wages were received and a certain amount of time was placed under the direction and supervision of the employer as a counter benefit to the receipt of wages. Since working hours are subordinate hours with one's labor under the disposition authority of the employer, long hours of work can be done for the health and safety of workers and furthermore, it can be an act that violates the value to enjoy as a human being. The reduction of working hours needs to be shortened in terms of productivity and enjoyment of workers' culture so that they can expand and reproduce, but users' corporate management labor and production activities should also be compatible compared to those pursued by capitalist countries. Working hours can be seen as individual time and time in society as a whole, and long hours of work at the individual level are reduced, which is undesirable at the individual level, but an increase in products due to an increase in production time at the social level can help social development. It is necessary to consider working hours in terms of finding the balance between these individual and social levels. If the regulation method of working hours was to regulate the total amount of working hours, flexibility and elasticity of working hours are a qualitative regulation method that allows companies to flexibly allocate and organize working hours within a certain range of up to 52 hours per week. Accordingly, it is necessary to shorten working hours, but expand and implement the flexible working hours system according to the situation of the company. To this end, it is necessary to flexibly operate the flexible working hours system, which is currently limited to six months, handle the selective working hours by agreement between employers and workers, and expand the target work of discretionary working hours according to the development of information and communication technology and new types based on the 4th industrial revolution.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.337-343
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• 2017

This study is going to contribute the activation of ecosystem services written in the 3rd National Basic Plan for Nature Conservation(2016~2025) in Korea. Meanwhile we considered the benefits that the nature has given to the humankind as free goods or services which we may consume traditionally without due payment therefore. But on account of the expansion of cities and expedition of development, as the carrying capacity of the nature has been breached, people have come to try to restore and enhance artificially such vulnerable capacity. It is necessary to compensate the opportunity cost which the land owners or occupiers have to pay for conservation and maintenance of natural capitals which yield the ecosystem services. Therefore the institutionalization of ecosystem services should be established that the consumers who enjoy such services should share the interest from enjoying services with the land owners or occupiers who produce the ecosystem services, under the legal system which will make it possible to connect the benefit sharing with the conservation of environment. However it is the first task that the present legal system could not realize the fair and equitable benefit sharing between the producers and consumers of ecosystem services. And the second task in such legal system is that the value of ecosystem services could not be fully considered in the process of development planning. According to the analysis of this study, the institutionalization of ecosystem services in the government side and the civilian side could be realized to somewhat extent, although not sufficient. Especially the transactions of ecosystem services through the private contract among stakeholder are possible in the course of development planning or without any relevancy to a development project. The final task in the institutionalization of ecosystem services is how to assess the ecosystem services and to value the economic benefits therefrom on the basis of what kinds of procedures relating to some development processes. To overcome such difficulties, it is necessary that the state, trend and change of ecosystem services confronting with a developing project should be assessed concretely at the threshold of development. It is possible to integrate the ecosystem services into the environmental impact assessment(IEA), not by way of the Act of IEA, but by way of the Decree thereof.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.3-14
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• 2018

The system to appraise the execution capabilities of construction companies had been began as the Construction Contract Restriction System in 1958, was changed as the Construction Subcontract Restriction System in 1961, and finally has been operated as the Appraisal and Public Announcement of Execution Capacity (APAEC) from 1996. The APAEC system has been utilized as a firm and unique tool for assessing the execution capacities of construction companies despite many problems and continuous system changes. In spite of numerous studies to improve the APAEC system, however, efforts to analyze the system from the empirical point of view were insufficient. In this study, we analyze the status of APAEC system through analyzing correlations among assessment results of the APAEC, earned values of construction works, construction management performance indexes, and macroeconomic indexes for the past 10 years from 2007 to 2016. As a result of the analysis, it was found that Appraisal Value of Execution Capacity (AVEC) is excessively inflated in engineering and landscaping areas compared to Earned Value of Construction Work (EVCW) and the correlations between the AVECs and EVECs are not high in the areas of engineering, industrial equipment, and landscaping. In addition, technical appraisal values are excessively inflated in engineering and landscaping areas and correlations between AVEC and its components are high in the areas of engineering & building, industrial equipment, and large companies, but low in the areas of engineering, building, landscaping, and small and medium companies. Finally, the concentration of the AVEC is intensifying more and more and the concentration deteriorates construction management performance indexes and macroeconomic indexes. If we continuously improve the APAEC system based on the implications derived in this study, the APAEC system will be able to maintain it's position of a firm and unique means to access the execution capacities of construction companies.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.57-69
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• 2013

This study analyzed the effects of the relational norm factor of food service franchising on the intention to remain, in view of the importance of relational norms, as antecedent variables, to franchisees' perceived fairness to enhance the competitiveness by formation of long-term relationship between interested parties to food service franchising, the franchiser and the franchisee. According to a questionnaire survey, more than 100 franchisees that recorded three business years in Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi area were selected for convenience sampling. Then, among them, 515 effective samples were analyzed. For statistical data, detailed types of analysis were performed by using AMOS 17.0, such as factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory analysis and frequency analysis. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the franchiser and the franchisee by arranging relational norm factors for the relationship to be suitable for the current situation of Korea, instead of Western-style theory-based relationship marketing, and by understanding a connection between perceived fairness and management achievement-related variables, and to make a conceptual framework for building a positive relationship between the franchiser and the franchise in future food service franchising industry. Moreover, it aimed to increase franchisee satisfaction and results including re-contract according to perceived positive relationship value on the franchiser and to make contribution to find and show the proper direction for development of the Korean-style food service franchising system.