• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.213-222
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• 1998

Advisor: Prof. The quality of apical seal obtained with 3 different gutta-percha obturation techniques was compared in 49 recently extracted single rooted teeth. The root canals were instrumented using step-back technique and obturated with laterally condensed gutta-percha, Continuous Wave gutta-percha, and hybrid technique. Teeth were suspended in black India ink for 7 days, cleared, and then examined under a stereomicroscope at ${\times}10$ magnification. The results were as follows; 1. All experimental groups produced favorable apical seal. 2. The mean leakage was $0.23{\pm}0.25mm$ for group 1, $0.17{\pm}0.21mm$ for group 2, and $0.19{\pm}0.23mm$ for froup 3, but there was no statistical difference amoung them. Within the limits of the results of this experiment, the Continuous Wave gutta-percha obturation technique demonstrated relatively favorable apical sealing effect and shorter obturation time. Thus, it is thought that this obturation technique is a acceptable method for clinical use but further studies on this metter should be conducted.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.592.2-592
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the four obturation techniques. In this study, eighty teeth were instrumented and randomly divided into 4 groups of 20 teeth each, according to the obturation techniques Group A was used with Microseal. in Group B, Thermafil. in Group C, continuous wave techniques, in Group D cold lateral condensation methods were used. After obturation, the teeth were taken a digital radiograph in mesiodistal and buccolingual directions to study the quality of the obturation.(omitted)

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.56 no.10
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• pp.567-571
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• 2018

Obturation is a important procedure of root canal treatment. Canal filling should be both provide a hermetic seal for the root canal system and eliminate leakage channel from the oral cavity. Gutta-percha have been the standard material of choice for root canal obturation. Canal filling has been aimed at maximizing the amount of gutta-percha and minimizing the amount of sealer. However recently, single cone technique has been introduced that include calcium silicate-based sealer and single gutta-percha cone. It is important to select an obturation technique that offers consistency and is easy to use. From the standpoint of appropriate technology, the single cone technique is thought to be useful for general dentist.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.491-497
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare apical sealing ability of continuous wave canal filling technique according to various heat source plugging depths. Eighty one extracted human premolars with straight root were cleaned and shaped to size 35 using .06 taper rotary NiTi file. After cleansing and shaping, the teeth were divided into 5 groups following the heat source probing depths from the apex; 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 mm. All specimens were filled using E&Q plus with #35/.06 tapered gutta-percha cone. The positive control teeth were not filled. All teeth were coated with nail varnish except the apical 1 mm around the apical foramen. Negative control teeth were completely sealed include the apical foramen. All specimens were immersed in 1% methylene blue solution for 72 hours. Then the specimens were sectioned horizontally at 1, 2 and 3 mm from the root apex. Each sectioned surface was photographed using a digital camera attached to the stereomicroscope at $12.5{\times}2.5$ fold magnification. All points at 1, 2 and 3 mm were summed as final score of one specimen. Statistical analysis of the collected data was performed. Under the condition of this study. there was no significant difference between the heat source plugging depths of 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 mm in apical sealing ability. All of apical heat source plugging depth from 3 to 7 mm including Buchanan's protocol -from 5 to 7 mm- seems to be acceptable in clinical application.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.439-445
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of plugger penetration depth on the apical extrusion of root canal sealer during root canal obturation with Continuous Wave of Condensation Technique. Root canals of forty extracted human teeth were divided into four groups and were prepared up to size 40 of 0.06 taper with ProFile. After drying. canals of three groups were filled with Continuous Wave of Condensation Technique with System $B^{TM}$ and different plugger penetration depths of 3. 5, and 7 mm from the apex. Canals of one group were filled with cold lateral compaction technique as a control. Canals were filled with non-standardized master gutta-percha cones and 0.02 mL of Sealapex. Apical extruded sealer was collected in a container and weighed. Data was analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test. 3 and 5 mm penetration depth groups in Continuous Wave of Condensation Technique showed significantly more extrusion of root canal sealer than 7 mm penetration depth group (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between 7 mm depth group in Continuous Wave of Condensation Technique and cold lateral compaction group (p < 0.05). The result of this study demonstrates that deeper plugger penetration depth causes more extrusion of root canal sealer in root canal obturation by Continuous Wave of Condensation Technique. Therefore, special caution is needed when plugger penetration is deeper in the canal in Continuous Wave of Condensation Technique to minimize the amount of sealer extrusion beyond apex.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.521-529
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to compare the shaping time of two shaping methods and the leakage of three different obturation techniques. Ninty three canaled human molar teeth were used, which were randomly divided into two groups of forty teeth each and ten control teeth. After working length determination, the one group was prepared crown-down technique using rotary root canal instruments of GT rotary files .12/20, .10/20, .08/20 and .06/20 taper(Maillefer Instrument SA. Switzerland). The other group was instrumented with Gates Glidden burs(#1, #2, and #3) to coronal preparation and GT rotary files .08/20 and .06/30 taper to apical preparation. Shaping time was measured. After root canals were instrumented, they were divided to three subgroups and obturated as follows : Subgroup 1, obturated with single cone method Subgroup 2, obturated with lateral condensation : Subgroup 3, obturated with continuous wave technique. Three subgroups were obturated using non-standardized gutta-percha cone(Diadent, Korea, .06 or .08 taper) and AH-26(Dentsply DeTrey, Germany) as a root canal cement. Ten unobturated teeth served as positive and negative controls. After immersion in 2% methylene blue solution for 1 month, the teeth were washed during 24h. The teeth were demineralized in 10% nitric acid and dehydrated by immersion in 80, 90 and 100% ethyl alcohol. The teeth were finally cleared and stored in 100% methylsalicylate, and apical dye penetration was evaluated under stereomicroscope(Leica M420, LC, U.S.A)at $\times$8.75 magnification. Liner measurement of dye penetration was assessed with the use of digitalized image analysing system (analySIS, GmbH, Germany) The data were analysed statistically using independent T-test and Two-way ANOVA and Tukey test. The result were as follows 1. In canal prepared with GT$^{TM}$ rotary file, shaphing time taked more than the group of using Gates Glidden drill to coronal preparation without statistical significance (p>0.05) 2. The group of single cone obturation using canal preparation of GT$^{TM}$ rotary files showed significantly more apical leakage than those of lateral condensation and continuous wave technique regardless of shaping method (p<0.05). 3 The group of single cone obturation using canal preparation of GT$^{TM}$ rotary files and Gates Glidden drill showed significantly more apical leakage than those of continuous wave technique regardless of shaping method (p<0.05). 4. Regardless of shaping method, The group of continuous wave obturation showed less apical leakage than those of lateral condensation without statistical significance (p>0.05). 5. The group of single cone obturation using canal preparation of GT$^{TM}$ rotary files and Gates Glidden drill showed more apical leakage than the group of lateral condensation using same shaping method with-out statistical significance (p＞0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.66-76
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of customized master cone on apical sealing in various apical size of prepared root canals, that is MAF(Master Apical File) and to know at which apical size the apical leakage is to be significantly reduced using customized master cone. 120 extracted single rooted premolars were divided into four groups according to their apical size(MAF), #30, 40, 50 and 60. And then, each group was subdivided into three in accordance with three obturation methods, lateral condensation with standardized master cone, lateral condensation with chloroform-dipped customized master cone, and continuous wave of obturation technique. Resorcinol-formaldehyde resin was used for the microleakage test of this study. Teeth were sectioned horizontally at 1.5mm(Level 1), 2.5mm(Level 2), and 3.5mm(Level 3) from the anatomical root apex using low speed microtome. All sections were examined under $\times$40 magnification with a stereomicroscope, photographed, and then scanned. With the scanned images, resin-infiltrated area presenting the microleakage was calculated using SigmaScan/Image, and the ratio of leakage to the total root canal area of each group was analyzed statistically(one way ANOVA). The results were as follows ; 1. In groups of MAF #30, there was no significant difference of mean leakage ratio among three obturation methods at all three levels. 2. In groups of MAF #40, the group using lateral condensation with customized master cone had the low-est mean leakage ratio at all three levels, but there was no significant difference among three obturation techniques. 3. In groups of MAF #50, the mean leakage ratio of the group using lateral condensation with standard master cone was the highest among those of three obturation techniques at level 1, and this difference was statistically significant(p<0.05). 4 In groups of MAF #60, the groups using lateral condensation with standard master cone had also the highest mean leakage ratio at all levels, but there was no significant difference at level 1 and 2. At level 3, the leakage of the group using lateral condensation with standard master cone was significantly higher than that of the group using continuous wave of obturation(p<0.05). The results of this study suggested that the obturation method using customized master cone or the continuous wave of obturation is more effective for apical sealing than that using standardized master cone when MAF is larger than ＃50.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 2006

To evaluate the ratio of gutta-percha area in the canal after canal obturation with Continuous Wave of Condensation Technique (CWCT) with varying depths of plugger penetration, forty root canals of extracted human teeth were prepared up to size 40 of 0.06 taper with $ProFile^{(R)}$. Canals of three groups were filled with CWCT with System $B^{TM}$ (Analytic Tech. , USA) and different plugger penetration depths of 3, 5, or 7 mm from the apex. Canals of one group were filled with lateral condensation technique as a control The felled teeth were cross-sectioned at 1, 2 and 3 mm levels from the apical foramen. The ratio of gutta-percha area in the canal was analyzed using $Auto^{(R)}$ Cad 2000. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. At all levels, higher gutta-percha area ratio was found with deeper plugger penetration depth in CWCT, and cold lateral condensation group showed higher ratio than group of plugger penetration to apical 7 mm in CWCT. At apical 1 mm and 2 mm levels, group of plugger penetration to apical 3 mm showed significantly high or gutta-percha area ratio than those of apical 7 mm and lateral condensation (p<0.05). It is concluded therefore that, under the conditions of the present study, deeper plugger penetration depth results in more favorable and efficient obturation in CWCT.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.341-347
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• 2003

This study was conducted to evaluate the temperature rise on the root surface while the root canal is being obturated using continuous wave of condensation technique. Maxillary central incisor was prepared for repeated canal obturation. Ten thermocouples (Omega Engineering Inc., Stanford, USA) were placed at 1 mm increment from the anatomical root apex. The real temperature of Buchanan plugger was recorded before insertion into the root canal. The root canal was obturated with continuous wave of condensation technique as described by Buchanan and the root surface temperature was recorded during obturation at $150^{\circ}C,{\;}200^{\circ}C,{\;}250^{\circ}C{\;}and{\;}300^{\circ}C$ temperature settings of System B HeatSource (Model 1005, Analytic technologies, Redmond, WA, USA). After completion of the temperature recording, the dentinal-cementum thickness at each sites was measured. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe's test and linear regression test. The results were as follows. 1. When the temperature was set at $150^{\circ}C,{\;}200^{\circ}C,{\;}250^{\circ}C{\;}and{\;}300^{\circ}C$ on the digital display of System B HeatSource, the real temperature of the plugger at the 1mm point from the tip revealed $130.82{\pm}2.96^{\circ}C,{\;}158.00{\pm}5.26^{\circ}C,{\;}215.92{\pm}6.91^{\circ}C{\;}and{\;}249.88{\pm}3.65^{\circ}C$ respectively. 2. The position of 8 mm from the anatomical apex showed the highest temperature increase at each temperature settings and it was significantly higher than those of other positions (p<0.0l). The temperature rise was constantly increased toward coronal portion from apex of the root. 3. The maximum temperature increase on the root surface was $2.37{\pm}0.09^{\circ}C{\;}at{\;}150^{\circ}C{\;}setting,{\;}3.11{\pm}0.12^{\circ}C{\;}at{\;}200^{\circ}{\;}setting,{\;}3.93{\pm}0.09^{\circ}C{\;}at{\;}250^{\circ}C{\;}setting{\;}and{\;}5.69{\pm}0.15^{\circ}C{\;}at{\;}300^{\circ}C$ setting respectively. These results suggest that it be relatively kind to the supporting tissues of the root that the root canal is obturated using continuous wave of condensation technique at $150^{\circ}C,{\;}200^{\circ}C,{\;}250^{\circ}C{\;}and{\;}300^{\circ}C$ temperature settings on digital temperature display of System B HeatSource.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.435-445
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to compare the leakage of four different obturation techniques in conjunction with immediate apical barrier of ${\beta}$-tricalcium phosphate(TCP) in teeth with open apex. Eighty single-rooted human premolar teeth were prepared and sectioned horizontally, so maximum diameter in apex was 4mm. Apical defects that were similar to open apex, were created with #1/2 round bur and SF104R bur. The apical foramen were opened to a size 80 file extended 3mm beyond the apex. The teeth were placed into the oasis block soaked saline to simulate periapical tissue often associated with pulpless teeth and received apical barriers consisting of TCP followed by obturation using lateral condensation technique, vertical condensation technique, continuous wave technique and thermoplasticized gutta-percha injection technique. Two unobturated teeth served as positive and negative controls. Teeth were immersed in resorcinol-formaldehyde resin for S days at $4^{\circ}C$, and the resin was allowed to polymerize completely for 4 days at room temperature. Teeth were then sectioned horizontally at 1.5mm(level 1), 2.5mm(level 2) and 3.5mm(level 3) from the apex, and examined under a stereomicroscope at ${\times}40$ magnification. The photographs were taken at ${\times}40$ magnification of the filling in each level and scanned. The leakage length in tooth/resin interface was measured at each of the three levels. Each ratio of leakage was obtained by calculating the ratio of the leakage length of canal wall infiltrated with resin to the total length of the canal and was analyzed statistically(One-way ANOVA and Scheffe test). The result were as follows : 1. At the level 1, there was the least leakage in the thermoplasticized gutta-percha injection technique group(group 4), but there was statistically significant(p<0.05). 2. At the level 2, there was the least leakage in the thermoplasticized gutta-percha injection technique group(group 4), and the most leakage in the continuous wave technique group(group 3). There was statistically significant difference between the thermoplasticized gutta-percha injection technique group and the continuous wave technique group(p<0.05). 3. At the level 3, there was the least leakage in the thermoplasticized gutta-percha injection technique group(group 4), but there were no statistically significant differences between other groups(p>0.05). These results suggest that thermoplasticized gutta-percha injection technique which had 1mm apical gutta-percha matrix after the formation of TCP apical barrier, can demonstrate favorable apical sealing.