영산강 하구의 방류와 강우의 규모 및 빈도 상관성 분석 (Relationships on Magnitude and Frequency of Freshwater Discharge and Rainfall in the Altered Yeongsan Estuary)
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- 한국해양학회지:바다
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- 제16권4호
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- pp.223-237
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- 2011
하구둑으로 인해 담수의 공급이 간헐적으로 발생하는 영산강 하구에서는 담수의 방류가 하구의 유동패턴, 염분농도의 변이, 영양염 공급 등 하구환경과 생태계 반응을 주도하는 요인이다. 담수의 방류는 유역의 강우조건에 영향을 받으므로 담수의 방류시기 및 규모를 파악하기 위해서는 담수방류를 유발하는 강우조건과 강우-방류간 상관관계에 대한 이해가 필요하다. 또한 담수방류가 하구에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위해서는 방류의 규모와 더불어 빈도에 대한 고려가 필수적이다. 이 연구는 영산강 하구역의 담수방류를 예측하고 평가하는 도구로서 영산강 하구둑의 담수 방류자료를 대상으로 강우에 보다 직접적으로 반응하는 극치방류의 확률분포함수를 파악하고 극치방류를 유발하는 강우조건을 판별하여 극치방류를 유발하는 강우와 극치방류 간의 빈도-규모 관계식을 도출하는 데 목적을 두었다. 13.7년(1997.1.1-2010.8.31)간의 일방류량 자료에 대하여 일연속방류를 분석의 기본단위인 방류이벤트로 정의하되 4일 이상의 일연속방류의 경우는 방류패턴에 토대를 둔 이벤트 분리 알고리듬을 적용하여 개별 이벤트를 식별하였다. 총 529건의 방류 이벤트에 대하여 14년간의 연 최고치 중 최솟값에 해당하는 133,656,000
연구배경: 재택산소요법의 건강보험 급여 혜택이 있기 이전에 이뤄진 국내 보고는 특수한 일부 환자군만을 대상으로 하였을 가능성이 높아 재택산소 사용의 정확한 실태를 반영하지 못했을 가능성이 높다. 저자들은 재택산소요법의 보험 혜택 이후 시점부터 본 병원에서 재택산소처방을 받은 환자군의 임상적 특성, 산소사용의 실태 및 순응도에 대해 조사하여 이전의 국내 보고들과 비교해 보고자 하였다. 방 법: 자가산소요법의 건강보험 급여 혜택이 시작된 2006년 11월부터 2008년 9월까지 인제대학교 백병원 호흡기 내과를 방문하여 재택산소처방을 받고 외래에서 추적관찰 중인 환자를 대상으로 하여 의무기록 검토와 설문조사를 하였다. 결 과: 대상 환자수는 총 105명, 평균 나이 69세이고, BMI 19.1
최근 소셜 네트워크 서비스는 소비자와의 관계 마케팅 확산 및 확장을 위한 중요한 채널로 인식되며 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 기업이 온라인 환경에서 성공하기 위해서는 기업과 고객 사이의 관계 구축뿐만 아니라 고객들 간의 관계에 초점을 맞출 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 페이스북 팬 페이지에 참여하는 사용자들 사이의 네트워크를 분석하여 기업의 비즈니스 성과에 고객 간 네트워크의 구조적 특성이 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석하였다. 이를 위해 네트워크 데이터는 코스피 상장 기업 가운데 페이스북 팬 페이지에 100개 이상의 게시글을 올린 54개 기업으로부터 수집하였으며, 수집된 네트워크 데이터는 각 사용자를 노드로 하고 동일한 마케팅 활동에 대해 참여한 사용자간의 관계를 링크로 한 원모드 비방향 이진 네트워크(one-mode undirected binary network)이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 네트워크 데이터를 핸들링하여 사용자들 간의 활동 관계를 분석할 수 있는 네트워크 지표(밀도, 글로벌 클러스터링 계수, 최단거리평균, 직경)를 도출하였으며, 이러한 고객 간 네트워크의 구조적 특징을 파악할 수 있는 지표와 기업의 과거실적(순이익), 그리고 미래 예측성과(토빈의 Q) 간의 관계를 분석하였다. 본 연구는 학문적 관점에서 소셜 미디어 채널을 비즈니스 관점에서 연구하려는 연구자들에게 소셜네트워크분석 방법을 통한 새로운 접근법을 제시한다. 실무적인 관점에서 본 연구는 소셜미디어를 통해 마케팅 활동을 수행하려는 기업의 관리자들에게 네트워크의 지표를 이용한 지능형 마케팅 서비스를 수행할 수 있는 토대를 제공할 것으로 기대한다.
본 연구는 문헌연구와 옛지도 및 항공사진의 분석, 현장 관찰과 드론 사진 촬영과 고저측량 그리고 주민인터뷰를 통해 익산시 금마면 신용리 황각동에 소재한 '유상곡수(流觴曲水)' 암각서 유적의 입지성과 장소성을 추적하여 이곳에서의 유상곡수 수계(修禊) 등의 향유 가능성을 타진함으로써, 이곳의 장소성을 분명히 함으로써 국내 유상곡수로 정원 유적의 조명과 보존을 목적으로 시도되었다. 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. 유상곡수 유적이 존재하는 황각동 일대는 여러 문헌에서 익산에서 가장 아름다운 가경(佳景)으로 손꼽혀왔다. 황각동의 유래는 의정부(議政府)의 별칭과 밀접하게 관련된 것으로 판단된다. 즉 좌찬성(左贊成)을 역임한 양곡(陽谷) 소세양(蘇世讓)과의 관련성에 주목하였는데 특히 그의 태생지와 인접하고 있을 뿐 아니라 별서인 태허정(太虛亭), 은거당인 퇴휴당(退休堂)과 묘소 그리고 사후 배향 서원 등이 인근에 다수 분포한 점을 그 근거로 제시하였다. 밭일 후 바위에 호미를 걸어 놓는 넓은 바위인 하서대(荷鋤臺)는 중국과 한국의 한시의 용례로 볼 때 한가로운 전원생활과 유유자적하게 살아가는 소박하고 은자적인 삶을 표현한 것으로 보인다. 본 유적의 핵심이 되는 '유상곡수' 바위글씨가 있는 수석바위 상부의 암혈(巖穴)은 수계를 지원하기 위한 차일공(遮日孔)으로 파악되며 인근의 일간정과 모정은 유상곡수를 지원하기 위한 공간 기능을 수행했을 것으로 보인다. 등잔바위 전면에 새겨진 '황각동(黃閣洞)'바위글씨는 황각동천(黃閣洞天)에 이르는 관문으로, 향촌에 존재하는 이상세계를 관념화한 표식으로 파악하였다. 본 연구를 통해서 '황각동'과 '하서대' 바위글씨는 대한제국 광무(光武) 5년인 1901년 3월 29일에 익산군수 오횡묵과 지인인 김인길(金寅吉)이 새긴 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 이봉구의 「황각동운(黃閣洞韻)」과 양곡의 후손인 소진덕의 「황각동시회(黃閣洞詩會)」란 시제로 볼 때 황각동에서 곡수연과 관련되었을 것으로 추정되는 시사 모임이 최소한 일제강점기 초기까지도 행해졌음을 유추할 수 있다. 한편 현재 곡수로의 최대폭은 11.3m, 횡단구배는 15.04%로 계상되었으며 곡수로로 추정되는 수로 구간의 연장거리는 약 27.6m, 종단구배는 3.51%로 측정되었으나 현재 양안이 석축으로 처리된 점을 감안한다면 곡수로의 폭원과 연장거리는 훨씬 길었을 것으로 추정된다. 황각동 유상곡수 유적과 관련된 봄(삼월삼짇날) 모춘(暮春) 이용, 음주와 시 짓기, 시제 「황각동시회」, 유상곡수 바위글씨 그리고 인근 유상정으로 추정되는 일간정이라는 정자의 존재 등으로 볼 때 최소한 조선 말기까지 유상곡수연이 펼쳐진 공간이었음이 확인된다. 아쉽게도 '유상곡수'바위글씨에 대한 암각 주체와 조선 말기 이전의 향유자 등에 대해서는 자료 부족으로 확인하지 못함은 연구 한계로 남는다. 이는 향후 이에 대한 꾸준한 자료 발굴 노력을 통해 구명해야 할 부분이다.
국유림경영(國有林經營)은 어느 나라를 막론(莫論)하고 그 사명(使命)과 경영목적(經營目的)으로 봐서 중요시(重要視)되고 있다. 한국(韓國)의 국유림(國有林)도 또한 한국경제(韓國經濟)의 비약적(飛躍的)인 발전(發展)에 따라 목림수요(木林需要)의 계속적(繼續的)인 증가(增加)로 국가적(國家的)인 사명(使命)과 산업경제적(產業經濟的)으로 더욱 중요(重要)한 위치(位置)에 놓이게 되었다. 그러나 지금(只今)까지 한국임정(韓國林政)의 주요목표(主要目標)가 산림자원(山林資源)의 보존(保存)과 국토보전기능(國土保全機能)의 회복(回復)에만 급급(汲汲)한 나머지 임업(林業)의 경제생산성(經濟生產性)을 높이는 산업정책적의의(產業政策的意義)가 적었음을 우리는 부인(否認)할 수 없다. 그리하여 한국(韓國)의 임업(林業)도 한국경제구조중(韓國經濟構造中)의 일환(一環)으로서 산업적(產業的)으로 발전(發展)시킬 필요(必要)에 직면(直面)하게 되어 국유림(國有林)도 합리적(合理的)인 산림시업(山林施業)에 기초(基礎)를 둔 산림생산력(山林生產力)의 증강(增强)이 절실(切實)하게 되었고, 그렇게 하므로써 결과적(結果的)으로 우수(優秀)한 산림(山林)이 조성(造成)되어 자연(自然), 산림(山林)의 국토보전기능(國土保全機能) 기타(其他)의 공익적기능(公益的機能)도 발휘(發揮)될 수 있을 것으로 본다. 한국(韓國)의 국유림(國有林)은 1908년(年) 임적계출시(林籍屆出時)의 역사적(歷史的) 소산(所產)으로서 그 후(後) 국토보존(國土保存)과 산림경영(山林經營) 학술연구(學術硏究) 기타(其他) 공익상(公益上) 국유(國有)로 보존(保存)할 필요(必要)가 있는 요존림(要存林)과 이에 속(屬)하지 않는 부요존림(不要存林)으로 구분(區分)하고 요존국유림중(要存國有林中) 국가(國家)가 직접(直接) 임업경영(林業經營)을 목적(目的)으로 하는 산림(山林)은 3개영림서(個營林署)에서 관리(管理)하고 있으며 기타(其他)는 각시도(各市道) 및 타부처소관(他部處所管)으로 되어있는데 국유림(國有林)은 1971년말현재(年末現在) 전국산림면적(全國山林面積)의 19.5%(1,297,708 ha)를 점(占)하고 있으나 임목축적(林木蓄積)은 전국산림총축적량(全國山林總蓄積量)의 50.1%(
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
Much has teed changed in the field of hospital administration in the It wake of the rapid development of sciences, techniques ana systematic hospital management. However, we still have a long way to go in organization, in the quality of hospital employees and hospital equipment and facilities, and in financial support in order to achieve proper hospital management. The above factors greatly effect the ability of hospitals to fulfill their obligation in patient care and nursing services. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal methods of standardization and quality nursing so as to improve present nursing services through investigations and analyses of various problems concerning nursing administration. This study has been undertaken during the six month period from October 1971 to March 1972. The 41 comprehensive hospitals have been selected iron amongst the 139 in the whole country. These have been categorized according-to the specific purposes of their establishment, such as 7 university hospitals, 18 national or public hospitals, 12 religious hospitals and 4 enterprise ones. The following conclusions have been acquired thus far from information obtained through interviews with nursing directors who are in charge of the nursing administration in each hospital, and further investigations concerning the purposes of establishment, the organization, personnel arrangements, working conditions, practices of service, and budgets of the nursing service department. 1. The nursing administration along with its activities in this country has been uncritical1y adopted from that of the developed countries. It is necessary for us to re-establish a new medical and nursing system which is adequate for our social environments through continuous study and research. 2. The survey shows that the 7 university hospitals were chiefly concerned with education, medical care and research; the 18 national or public hospitals with medical care, public health and charity work; the 2 religious hospitals with medical care, charity and missionary works; and the 4 enterprise hospitals with public health, medical care and charity works. In general, the main purposes of the hospitals were those of charity organizations in the pursuit of medical care, education and public benefits. 3. The survey shows that in general hospital facilities rate 64 per cent and medical care 60 per-cent against a 100 per cent optimum basis in accordance with the medical treatment law and approved criteria for training hospitals. In these respects, university hospitals have achieved the highest standards, followed by religious ones, enterprise ones, and national or public ones in that order. 4. The ages of nursing directors range from 30 to 50. The level of education achieved by most of the directors is that of graduation from a nursing technical high school and a three year nursing junior college; a very few have graduated from college or have taken graduate courses. 5. As for the career tenure of nurses in the hospitals: one-third of the nurses, or 38 per cent, have worked less than one year; those in the category of one year to two represent 24 pet cent. This means that a total of 62 per cent of the career nurses have been practicing their profession for less than two years. Career nurses with over 5 years experience number only 16 per cent: therefore the efficiency of nursing services has been rated very low. 6. As for the standard of education of the nurses: 62 per cent of them have taken a three year course of nursing in junior colleges, and 22 per cent in nursing technical high schools. College graduate nurses come up to only 15 per cent; and those with graduate course only 0.4 per cent. This indicates that most of the nurses are front nursing technical high schools and three year nursing junior colleges. Accordingly, it is advisable that nursing services be divided according to their functions, such as professional, technical nurses and nurse's aides. 7. The survey also shows that the purpose of nursing service administration in the hospitals has been regulated in writing in 74 per cent of the hospitals and not regulated in writing in 26 per cent of the hospitals. The general purposes of nursing are as follows: patient care, assistance in medical care and education. The main purpose of these nursing services is to establish proper operational and personnel management which focus on in-service education. 8. The nursing service departments belong to the medical departments in almost 60 per cent of the hospitals. Even though the nursing service department is formally separated, about 24 per cent of the hospitals regard it as a functional unit in the medical department. Only 5 per cent of the hospitals keep the department as a separate one. To the contrary, approximately 12 per cent of the hospitals have not established a nursing service department at all but surbodinate it to the other department. In this respect, it is required that a new hospital organization be made to acknowledge the independent function of the nursing department. In 76 per cent of the hospitals they have advisory committees under the nursing department, such as a dormitory self·regulating committee, an in-service education committee and a nursing procedure and policy committee. 9. Personnel arrangement and working conditions of nurses 1) The ratio of nurses to patients is as follows: In university hospitals, 1 to 2.9 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 4.0 for out-patients; in religious hospitals, 1 to 2.3 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 5.4 for out-patients. Grouped together this indicates that one nurse covers 2.2 hospitalized patients and 4.3 out-patients on a daily basis. The current medical treatment law stipulates that one nurse should care for 2.5 hospitalized patients or 30.0 out-patients. Therefore the statistics indicate that nursing services are being peformed with an insufficient number of nurses to cover out-patients. The current law concerns the minimum number of nurses and disregards the required number of nurses for operation rooms, recovery rooms, delivery rooms, new-born baby rooms, central supply rooms and emergency rooms. Accordingly, tile medical treatment law has been requested to be amended. 2) The ratio of doctors to nurses: In university hospitals, the ratio is 1 to 1.1; in national of public hospitals, 1 to 0.8; in religious hospitals 1 to 0.5; and in private hospitals 1 to 0.7. The average ratio is 1 to 0.8; generally the ideal ratio is 3 to 1. Since the number of doctors working in hospitals has been recently increasing, the nursing services have consequently teen overloaded, sacrificing the services to the patients. 3) The ratio of nurses to clerical staff is 1 to 0.4. However, the ideal ratio is 5 to 1, that is, 1 to 0.2. This means that clerical personnel far outnumber the nursing staff. 4) The ratio of nurses to nurse's-aides; The average 2.5 to 1 indicates that most of the nursing service are delegated to nurse's-aides owing to the shortage of registered nurses. This is the main cause of the deterioration in the quality of nursing services. It is a real problem in the guest for better nursing services that certain hospitals employ a disproportionate number of nurse's-aides in order to meet financial requirements. 5) As for the working conditions, most of hospitals employ a three-shift day with 8 hours of duty each. However, certain hospitals still use two shifts a day. 6) As for the working environment, most of the hospitals lack welfare and hygienic facilities. 7) The salary basis is the highest in the private university hospitals, with enterprise hospitals next and religious hospitals and national or public ones lowest. 8) Method of employment is made through paper screening, and further that the appointment of nurses is conditional upon the favorable opinion of the nursing directors. 9) The unemployment ratio for one year in 1971 averaged 29 per cent. The reasons for unemployment indicate that the highest is because of marriage up to 40 per cent, and next is because of overseas employment. This high unemployment ratio further causes the deterioration of efficiency in nursing services and supplementary activities. The hospital authorities concerned should take this matter into a jeep consideration in order to reduce unemployment. 10) The importance of in-service education is well recognized and established. 1% has been noted that on the-job nurses. training has been most active, with nursing directors taking charge of the orientation programs of newly employed nurses. However, it is most necessary that a comprehensive study be made of instructors, contents and methods of education with a separate section for in-service education. 10. Nursing services'activities 1) Division of services and job descriptions are urgently required. 81 per rent of the hospitals keep written regulations of services in accordance with nursing service manuals. 19 per cent of the hospitals do not keep written regulations. Most of hospitals delegate to the nursing directors or certain supervisors the power of stipulating service regulations. In 21 per cent of the total hospitals they have policy committees, standardization committees and advisory committees to proceed with the stipulation of regulations. 2) Approximately 81 per cent of the hospitals have service channels in which directors, supervisors, head nurses and staff nurses perform their appropriate services according to the service plans and make up the service reports. In approximately 19 per cent of the hospitals the staff perform their nursing services without utilizing the above channels. 3) In the performance of nursing services, a ward manual is considered the most important one to be utilized in about 32 percent of hospitals. 25 per cent of hospitals indicate they use a kardex; 17 per cent use ward-rounding, and others take advantage of work sheets or coordination with other departments through conferences. 4) In about 78 per cent of hospitals they have records which indicate the status of personnel, and in 22 per cent they have not. 5) It has been advised that morale among nurses may be increased, ensuring more efficient services, by their being able to exchange opinions and views with each other. 6) The satisfactory performance of nursing services rely on the following factors to the degree indicated: approximately 32 per cent to the systematic nursing activities and services; 27 per cent to the head nurses ability for nursing diagnosis; 22 per cent to an effective supervisory system; 16 per cent to the hospital facilities and proper supply, and 3 per cent to effective in·service education. This means that nurses, supervisors, head nurses and directors play the most important roles in the performance of nursing services. 11. About 87 per cent of the hospitals do not have separate budgets for their nursing departments, and only 13 per cent of the hospitals have separate budgets. It is recommended that the planning and execution of the nursing administration be delegated to the pertinent administrators in order to bring about improved proved performances and activities in nursing services.