• Strategy21
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• s.32
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• pp.36-70
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• 2013

Waegu(倭寇)'s invasion in the Late Goryeo(高麗) Dynasty was huge damage for Goryeo's local society. And It was shock that Goryeo government's basic foundation of rules. Invasion background of waegu for Kyeong-in-yeon(庚寅年, 1350) was Kyushyu(九州)'s political divide because of Nihon(日本) government's confusion. Waegu was huge damage for Goryeo's Jo-wun(漕運, the shipping system of grain paid as a tax) system. So, government started military response, but it was turn out a failure and had great damage. When execution of military operations failed, Goryeo government sent diplomatic delegation to request the prevent of waegu, but the invasion continued. Since waegu invasion, Goryeo was got nowhere with defence of waegu. So, some people demanded for a new understanding of the ocean defence in the government. Lee-Saek(李穡), Woo-Hyeonbo(禹玄寶), Lee-Hee(李禧) and Jung-Ji(鄭地) were representatives of a new understanding of the ocean defence. Their demands were received attention when all operations had been failed. Therefore, Goryeo government began to reorganization of the naval forces and set up a special committee of gunpowder manufacturing named Hwa-tong-do-gam(火筒都監). This administrative reform was achieved substantial results since then. In 1380, the naval battle at Jin-po(鎭浦) was a big event that first gunpowder attack the waegu. Since Jin-po, Goryeo's naval forces gain confidence. In 1389, Dae-ma-do(對馬島) was attacked by Park-Wi(朴葳). It was meant that Goryeo's naval forces had huge offense power. Goryeo's defence system was focused on a northern race before 14th century waegu's invasion. So they were neglected their ocean defence. But after military operation of waegu's invasion was failure, they focused on the ocean defence. A new understanding of the ocean defence was foundation of that. It means to us to a new understanding of the ocean defence. Now, East Asia has maritime disputes. And we have high exposure to potential threats. So, we have a new understanding of importance of the ocean defence. And we fight for 21th century's ocean threats as foundation of sense of national security.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.209-231
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• 2018

Severe mine disasters have continued to occur around the world. To ensure worker's health and safety and enhance the productivity, a number of studies have been conducted for the development of wireless sensor network (WSN), environmental monitoring, and communication system in underground mines. An increase in development and application of these systems has just begun with the introduction of information and communication technology into the mining industry in Korea, and yet there have been only a few studies that considered the underground mine ventilation system. This study presented the literature review on the development of WSN and environmental monitoring in underground mines, and especially, on 7 subjects in terms of underground mine ventilation. Moreover, studies that especially conducted real-time environmental monitoring were reviewed and categorized by each commercial software commonly utilized for the ventilation network analysis. For the application in domestic underground mines, further issues were discussed regarding research subjects that may be needed in the future and domestic environmental standards that has been used in the underground mine operation. This paper is expected to be useful for the development of WSN-based environmental monitoring and communication system, as well as for related studies in the future.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.12 s.269
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• pp.949-952
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• 2006

Spontaneous pneumothorax is rarely occurred as an initial sign of primary lung cancer. As a lot of these cases have already advanced, even then surgical resection is performed, the prognosis is often undesirable, We happened to find a ruptured cavity on a 65-year-old male patient who had suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis in the past, while performing VATS bullectomy for simple spontaneous pneumothorax, Then, as a result of frozen biopsy, it was diagnosed as squamous cell cancer Because the tumor was infiltrated from the upper lobe into the lower lobe passing by fissure, we should remove by pneumonectomy and the pathologic stage was found stage I(T2N0M0). When we made an follow-up observation for one year and a half, there was neither relapse nor complication. When there appears spontaneous pneumothorax to the high risk group for lung cancer who were smokers over forty-year old, with chronic bronchitis or pulmonary emphysema, it needs to have a closer observation on a base lung disease such as lung cancer through chest CT, and it is also necessary to make more active approach by performing the surgical operation through a thoracoscopy when there is a continued air release.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.253-259
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• 2012

The projection on the demand for seafarers is seen to continue to rise in consonance with the world's fleet increasing tonnage. It is also expected that recurring officer shortages is paramount when global markets bounce off from the economic downturn it experienced for the last few years. In BIMCO/ISF(The Baltic and International Maritime Conference/International Shipping Federation) report for 2010, a continuous effort to produce competent seafarers should be adapted and as much as possible, reduce the wastage in the industry to address the looming scenario. The Republic of Korea, an OECD member, is a powerhouse in shipbuilding industry and has also had continued to show also an expanding trend in its fleet. On the other hand, the Philippines is still acknowledged as the main source of manpower for ocean-trading vessels. In this paper, a statistical comparison of maritime graduates' career path between the two countries is presented. In conclusion, it is suggested that a mutual co-operation between the Republic of Korea and the Philippines can be established with focusing on international maritime education and training collaboration.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.105-116
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• 1998

Purpose In this study, We observed the recovery process in the ability to move in the hind limbs of the rats whose spinal cord injuries were treated by Radix acouniti(RA). The purpose of this study is to see the effects of Radix acouniti(RA) water extract on the contraction of rat's spinal cord injury. Procedure First, the rats were subjected to hemisectional spinal cord injuries by a scalpel blade. Those rats, then, were divided into three groups: Sham operated rats group and the experimental group, which received the Radix acouniti(RA) water extract, and the control group, which had no treatment. Their recovery in the ability to walk was observed by the Open Field Test (OFT) for 14 days after the injuries. Method The OFT was applied at four points: the hip, knee, ankle joint, and the tail. Each joint was given a movement rating of from 0 to 3, depending on the amount of movement. A movement rating of 0 designates no movement, a 1 designates slight movement, a 2 designates increased movement, and a 3 designates active movement. Slight movement is defined as a joint displaying less than or equal to 30% of that joint range, increased movement is displaying less than or equal to 60% of that joint's range, and active movement is greater than or equal to 90% of that joint's range. Tail movement is also graded on a scale of 0 to 3. A rating of 0 indicates that the tail is down 100% of the time, one of 1 indicates that the tail is down more than 10%, one of 2 shows that the tail is down less than 50% but more than 10% of the time, and one of 3 shows that the tail is down less than 10% of the time. All four ratings were added together and then averaged to arrive at a single score. Results The sham group which did not go through spinal cord injuries showed near normal results on all 3 joints and tail from right after the operation, which one would expect. The RA oral application group showed more effective recovery of movememt function than the control group around 4 days after the spinal cord injuries. However, after 14 days, both groups displayed almost the same degree of movement recovery. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. After 14days the spinal cord injuries, movement was recovered in sham operated group, control group, and experimented group in the hip, the knee, the tail and then the ankle of rats, in that order. 2. Around 7 days after the spinal cord injuries, the experimental group proved the effectiveness of the therapy in terms of movement recovery. 3. The level of ALT, ALP, AST in RA treated group was slightly increased. 4. The level of BUN and creatinine in RA treated group was slightly increased. The above results indicate that RA therapy at an early stage can bring about better movement recovery in patients with spinal cord injuries from traffic accidents or industrial disasters. But there is apparent side effect of RA on clinical, therefore the study on this should be continued.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.121-130
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• 2008

Objectives : Cupping therapy is a stimulation therapy similar to acupuncture and moxibustion with effects that differ depending on the degree of stimulus. To make the strength of the skin objective in cupping therapy for this study, we measured negative pressure in the cupping jar and calculated the expansion rate of the skin. Subjects and Methods : In this study, we experimented with cupping therapy jars made for sale and used in clinics. We studied the pressure in the jars and the changes on the skin surface by measuring properties. We used commercial jars of four different volumes and diameters and tried to discover the properties on the size of the jar. Results : The results of experiment with the cupping therapy are as follows: 1. The lowest pressure in a jar was measured at $-600{\sim}610mmHg$, and the number of operating of vacuum pump for reaching lowest pressure was increased recording where the volume of the jar would be big, but the lowest pressure was not increased recording where the size of that would be big. 2. As the vacuum pump continued to operate, the pressure gradient in the jar got smaller which shows that the expansion rate of the skin was not linear. The pressure gradient shows different operational numbers on the vacuum pump near 0mmHg/operation unrelated to jar volume. 3. When negative pressure worked on the jar, air in the jar decreased. The percentage of air gradually reduced as the negative pressure acted in the jar. For example, the percentage of skin was 37-66% when the negative pressure, reatched -500mmHg. According to out results, different test areas generate different percentages of air in the jar, presumably related to skin elasticity. This phenomenon was most pronounced with the smallest jars. 4. At -500mmHg, the expansion rate of the skin was 1.57-1.9 on the abdomen, and $1.52{\sim}1.68$ on the back. The expansion rate of the skin appeared greater when the jar was relatively small, and it appeared smaller when the jar volume was relatively large relatively.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.39-61
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• 2013

China, a leader of regional economies in North-East Asia, helps to integrate a single shipping market and affects diversely main ports in the region through affecting the flows of container transshipment, strategies of shipping companies for port calling and shipping networks. This study examines competition and cooperation among the hub ports in the region through studying examples of the three Chinese hub ports -Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Tianjin- and concludes some implications of status change of hub ports in the region after scrutinising development process of the Chinese main hub ports and the historic interaction of port development among these ports. The characteristics of growth pattern of three ports are as follows. The port of Hong Kong constructs step by step the container facilities in accordance with demand growth and prefers stabilisation of operation and management through scale enlargement of port facilities. Even though demand grows continually, the port of Shanghai continued its defensive attitude towards facility expansion till the 1990s and has tried to get economies of scale in enlargement of port facilities. The port of Tianjin, similarly as the two other ports, expands serially its facilities and utilizes the capacity concentration and functional specialisation of facilities. The analysis of panel data and panel regression of three hub ports implicates that each port has its own specific demand and shows that the interaction of container handling among three ports was weak in 1980s and has become stricter and stronger since 1990.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.352-352
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• 2017

Recently, the South Korean government encourages the cultivation of upland crops in the paddy field to maintain an adequate level of rice production and then to balance the demand and supply of rice. This is mainly because the rice consumption per capita per year has continued to decline from 135 kg in 1979 to 61.9 kg in 2016, although the rice production was relatively stable. As a result, the rice overproduction became a big social problem. As a part of that, various upland crops such as soybean, maize, minor cereals and forage crops are planted in the paddy field 10 years ago. The cultivation of these crops may settle the problem of short supply and mass import of the crops to some extent. However, a systematic remote observation of upland crops in the paddy field is very scarce. This study investigated the cultivation status of upland crops and any changes of crop harvesting in the paddy field by using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Also, we analyzed the kind of upland crops and cultivation area in the paddy field by utilizing time series observation images. A fixed wing UAV is used for the investigation. This is because it is easy to use the flight operation and to control flight management software, and it can automatically cope with various emergency states such as a strong wind and battery discharge. The material of UAV is expanded polypropylene, which has an advantage of less equipment damage and risk during takeoff and landing. We acquired observed images in Buljeong-myeon, Goesan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea by using fixed wing UAV in 2015 and 2016. The total investigated area reaches 6,045 ha, and among them the agricultural area was 1,377 ha. For the next step, we created an orthoimage from all images taken using Pix 4D mapper program. According to the results of image analyses in 2015, the paddy field covered total 577 ha (75.9%) with crop plant. The cultivation area of beans, ginseng, maize, tobacco and peach was 256 ha (36.6%), 63 ha (9.2%), 37 ha (5.4%), 31 ha (4.5%) and 27 ha (3.8), respectively. And in 2016, the total covered area was 586 ha (77.1%), and it was comprised of 253 ha (35.5%), 88 ha (12.3%), 29 ha (4.1%), 22 ha (3.1%) and 32 ha (4.5%) in the same order. In this study, we focused on identifying the paddy field which was converted to the cultivation of upland crops by using UAV. And, it has been indicated that the cultivation area of rice decreased from 141 ha in 2015 to 127 ha in 2016, although that of ginseng increased by 25 ha. As a result, it is expected that a lot of paddy field could be replaced by high-income crops such as ginseng and fruit tree (peach) instead of relative low-income rice. More specific and widespread research on the remote sensing in the paddy field needs to be done.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.13-18
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• 2014

BMP test was carried out to evaluate the characteristics for co-digestion of night soil and food waste. 6 types of sludge were tested in 30 days which were raw, excess, digested, night soil/septic tank (1:1), food waste (food : dilution water = 1:1), and mixed sludge. Bio gas was produced actively after 2 days, and continued in 2 weeks. Gas generation amount was decreased rapidly after considerable space of time. Especially maximum productivity of gas was shown in 7~8 days. The ultimate methane yields of raw, excess, digested, night soil/septic tank, food waste, and mixed sludge were 64.63, 67.49, 66.45, 72.44, 107.85, and 46.71 mL $CH_4/g$ VS respectively from Modified Gompertz model. The lag growth phase time and maximum specific methane production rate of mixed sludge were 1.88 day and 80.4 mL/day respectively. The methane potential of mixed sludge was higher than individual sludge. So high methane potential was expected by controlling mixing ratio of food waste. Besides stable operation of digestion tank and the solution of oligotrophic problem were possible.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.138-152
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• 1995

The condition of nutrition during infancy will greatly affect infants' physical, emotional growth, especially breast feeding is important in their growth and development, and emotional stability, too. Despite such advantages of breast-feeding, its rate has continued to fall year after year in Korea : the 95% rate in 1960's has fallen to 25.4% in 1990. It is known that such a downfall of breast-feeding rate is associated with various factors. The purpose of the study is to examine mother's and nurses' in nursery perception of the impediment factors of breast-feeding : to compare those between of breast-feeding : to compare those between two groups : to provide fundamental data for developing strategies for increasing breast-feeding. The subjects were 45 new mothers from one hospital and the same number of nurses sampled from 3 university hospitals, in Seoul. The data were collected for 11 days from April 12 to April 23, 1994 and a questionnaire was developed based on the interview with 14 nurses and 10 mothers and the literature reviews. Liker's Five-Point Scale was used as measurement. The Data were analyzed using SPSS / PC and descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA. The results of study are as follows : 1) Most new mothers get the information about breast-feeding from their mothers, books or newspaper, and relatives in rank than professionals(nurses or doctors). 2) The impediment factors the breast-feeding are categorized as mothers, hospital system, medical personnels and social factors. The most frequently mentioned impediment factors from mothers are 'Difficulty by operational wounds'(3.13), 'Lack of will for breast-feeding'(3.47), 'Insufficient rest and sleep'(3.52) and 'Opposition from husband or his family members'(4.77)in rank. On the other hand those factors from nurses are 'Inadequate nipple condition'(2.37), 'Decreasing milk secretion given medicine after operation'(2.63), 'Mothers knowledge deficit by poorly prepared education'(2.79) and 'Mothers abhorance of breast-feeing'(3.87) in rank. 3) As for the hospital system, the highly perceived impediment factors by mothers are 'Seperation of baby from mother after birth'(2.78), 'Lack of space for breast-feeding in the hospital'(2.93), 'Lack of facility for informing the time for breast-feeding'(3.18) and 'Because of babys' preference artificial nipple by being accustomed to it in hospital(3.97), in rank. Meanwhile, those from nurses are "Seperation of baby from mother after birth",(1.92), "Inconsistency between hospital's nursing time and mother's breast secretion time" scretion time(2.97), "Lack of space for breast-feeding in the hospital"(3.39), and "Lack of facility for informing the time for breast-feeding"(3.74) 4) As for the medical personnels, the highestly perceived Impediment factor from mothers in "Lack of professional nurses for breast-feeding"(2.96), and the lowestly perceived one is "Doctors' reluctance"(4.75). Nurses perceived same as mothers, too. 5) As for the social factors, the highestly perceived impediment factor by mothers and nurses is "Inconvience of social activities"(2.83) and the lowestly ones are "The sense of self-sacrifice"(4.22) by mothers, and "The sense of old fashioned"(4.13) by nurses. 6) The difference of the perception of impediment factors between mothers and nurses is statistically significant only in mother factor.