• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.31-48
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• 2024

Objectives : The purpose of this paper is to find the corresponding pathological situation of the Renmai(任脈), Dumai(督脈), and Chongmai(衝脈) at the Cun(寸), Guan(關), Chi(尺) pulse positions using the Qikoujiudaomai diagnostic method in order to find the pathological pattern of the Eight Extra Meridians. The pulse positions are divided into nine parts, using a three dimensional surface-middle-bottom concept. Methods : Relevant contents in classical texts such as the Maijing, Qijingbamaikao, Zabingyuanliuxizhu, Maiyijianmo were examined, along with previous studies on the topic. The findings were that the Renmai, Dumai, Chongmai examination of the Qikoujiudaomai manifested as floating, tight, firm patterns in the Cun, Guan, Chi positions. Results & Conclusions : n terms of the Renmai, the converging and fast Qi manifested in the three positions as a tight pattern; in the Dumai, the extended and scattering Qi manifested in the three positions as a floating pattern; in the Chongmai, the excessive, solid and full Qi manifested in the three positions as a firm pattern. Once the pathological qi overflows in the 12 meridians, disease happens in the Eight Extra Meridians. As such, disease in the Renmai, Dumai, Chongmai were connected to the main meridians as three branches from one root. Through this study, it could be concluded that diagnosis and acupuncture treatment through the Qikoujiudaomai method is possible.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.130-287
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• 2011

"zhenjiusunanyaozhi(鍼灸素難要旨)" is composed of three volumes and published in 1529 by Gao Wu(高武). Gao Wu(高武) is skillful in astronomy, the art of war and the law as well as a medical practitioner in Ming Dynasty. The books he wrote "zhenjiujuying(鍼灸聚英)", "zhizhi(直指)", "douzhenzhengzong(痘疹正宗)", "shexuezhinan(射學指南)", "zhenjiujieyao(鍼灸節要)". "zhenjiusunanyaozhi鍼灸素難要旨" is written by classifying the origin of acupuncture and moxibustion. In other words, it is edited by classifying the contents related to acupuncture and moxibustion out of the ancient Chinese medical book "yellow emperor's canon of medicine and yellow emperor eighty-one difficult" in which are composed of 3 volumes as follows, Volume 1 says the main diseases on "the nine acupuncture needles figure" (九針圖), "the reinforcing and reducing the meridian" (補瀉), "the needle depth" (針刺深淺), "the five shu points - metal, wood, water, fire, earth" (正,滎,輸,經,合) based on 18 chapters in terms of acupuncture in "yellow emperor eighty-one Difficult "難經"", in which it quotes the annotation of "the difficulty by the original meaning "難經本義"" written by Hua Shou(滑壽) in Yuan Dynasty. Volume 2 is composed of 2 parts. Part 1 says the method of treatment on 36 Chapters, the method of acupuncture use in the Linshu "靈樞" and the Suwen "素問" such as "the rule of acupuncture use" (用針方宜), "the nine-pin method" (九針式) and "the nine-pin to only use the time appropriate to consider nature of Heaven, Earth and person" (九針應天地人時以起用) etc., Part 2 says "the five difficult acupuncture(五亂刺)", "the rise and fall of energy and blood(氣血盛衰)". "the pain tolerance(耐痛)" and ect., in which are in terms of method of treatment collected the original texts of 59 chapters on acupuncture to each disease and of 8 chapters on moxibustion in the Linshu "靈樞" and the Suwen "素問". Volume 3 includes 10 chapters in which consist of "the stabbing to disease in 12 meridians (十二經病刺)", "the eight extra meridian disease (寄經八脈病)", "the twelve meridians(十二經脈)", "the fifteen collaterals (十五絡脈), the twelve meridian muscles (十二經筋)", "the acupoint (孔穴)" and etc. This is the book edited comprehensively by classifying the contents on the theory of acupuncture and moxibustion and the circulations of meridians in "yellow emperor's canon of medicine and yellow emperor eighty-one difficult" and there is no case story in particular except his comments in person. This study is for the purpose of helping researching and developing acupuncture and moxibustion and applying their clinical training.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.1-23
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• 2014

This paper is sequel to the paper titled 'A study on research methodology of the quoted verses in Dong-uisusebowon(2)'. In the previous study, Tao-ren-cheng-qi-tang(桃仁承氣湯) and Di-dang-tang (抵當湯) lines from Shanghanlun quoted in the Dong-uisusebowon were examined. Through this study, we learned that Heo, Jun corrected these texts in the Dong-uibogam to avoid logical contradiction, which were again quoted by Yi, Jema in the Dong-uisusebowon. Thus the quotations in Yi's book were also corrected of the contradictory lines as found in the source text, Shanghanlun. In this paper, I would like to examine the lines regarding Jeokseokji-uyeoryang-tang(赤石脂禹餘糧湯) and Gan-cao-xie-xin-tang(甘草瀉心湯). Firstly, in the case of Jeokseokji-uyeoryang-tang(赤石脂禹餘糧湯) lines, many changes in contents were made to resolve contradiction within the lines as previous cases. By quoting the Dong-uibogam directly, Yi, Jema inherited the thoughts of Heo, Jun in his work. Secondly, in the case of Gan-cao-xie-xin-tang(甘草瀉心湯) lines, Heo, Jun suggested new perspectives on Pi(痞, stuffiness) and Jie-xiong(結胸, chest bind) different to those of Zhang Zhong Jing, based on empirical knowledge of later days. Yi, Jema quoted these corrected lines, which implies Yi's agreement to the theories of Heo. However, Yi made clear his difference in perspective with Heo through his unique theory of the Four(Sasang) Constitutions. I conclude my research regarding quotations in the Dong-uisusebowon by stressing the necessity of research on the Dong-uibogam prior to any further research regarding quotations in the Dong-uisusebowon.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.88-99
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• 2017

Objectives : Saam acupuncture initiated by Saamdoin in $17^{th}$ century is one of the most widely adopted acupuncture techniques used by Korean medical doctors in clinic. Our study aimed to analyze the application of the Saam acupuncture method to pain diseases based on the literature data. Methods : Based on the contents described in "(Do Hae Kyo Kam) Saam's acupuncture method", the texts related to pain condition were analyzed. The frequency of prescription of Saam acupuncture method was analyzed, and then the relationships between each acupoint were visualized by network analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis for the quantitative aspect. Results and conclusions: In our study, Lung tonifying and Liver tonifying acupuncture were the most frequently used method for the treatment of pain disease. As the acupoints, BL66 and SI5 were used the most frequently. It was found that visceral pattern identification was considered as the most important factor in the selection of the Saam acupuncture method. Network analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis showed that each acupoint was closely related to other acupoints, and most of them were connected more closely according to the method of Saam acupuncture operation. The experiential prescriptions of Saam acupuncture were classified as an independent group. In the future, fundamental research on the principle of Saam acupuncture method is needed for the various diseases, and research for the clinical efficacy and the mechanism of Saam acupuncture method should be preceded.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.373-382
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• 2000

Objectives : The most frequently cited health related slogan in North Korea is that socialistic medicine is preventive medicine. It implies that North Korea puts preventive medicine at the operational center of its national health care system. This study aimed at examining and comparing preventive medicine practices in North Korea with those of South Korea. Methods : Efforts have been made to obtain a textbook for analysis its contents. Many people have iassisted in the study by joining the interview. Some of these people are as follows : a former professor of PyongYang Medical School, NK physicians living in South Korea, WHO staffs, diplomatic officials, etc. The major items of analysis consisted of industrial medicine and hygiene, nutrition, school health, epidemiology, health statistics and heath policy & management. Results : Public health philosophy is finely noted and well integrated in the operation of the North Korean national health care system, particularly in the area of industrial medicine and hygiene. Preventive medicine with a strong health surveillance system spanning a number of broad social organizations is a major tool to improve the health of the people in North Korea. The emphasis on preventive medicine has a close relationship with the 'Juche Philosophy' and the shortage of pharmaceuticals and medical equipment. To cope with the shortage problem, North Korean health workers are encouraged to grow medicinal herbs. We have found that they put little effort into teaching newly emerging diseases, such as AIDS, VDT syndrome, hazards of EMF, and agricultural chemical poisonings. Of the subjects of the preventive medicine text, 78.9% coincide with those of South Korean industrial health manuals and 34.2% with South Korean epidemiology texts. However, an absolute difference was found to exist between the health policies and management systems. Conclusion : In North Korea, the concept of preventive medicine functions as the basic philosophic strategy of the national health care system. It differs greatly from the South Korean system in both practice and educational content. Its contribution to society is simply incomparable to that of South Korea. More communication and further study is called for in order to improve the preventive medicine practices in the future.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.125-133
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of this study is to review $\ll$Chimgudaesung$\gg$ on documentary characteristics such as truth or falsehood of authors, editions, the relationship of $\ll$Hyeongibiyo(玄機秘要)$\gg$. Materials and Methods : Based on Hwangyongsang(黃龍祥)'s study, the author of $\ll$Chimgudaesung$\gg$, the number of volumes and edition, basic contents and constitution, characteristic of reference, and the documentary research results will be arranged. Results and Conclusions : 1. $\ll$Chimgudaesung$\gg$ was made by Geunhyeon based on Yanggyeju(楊繼洲)'s $\ll$Hyeongibiyo$\gg$, and in the 29th year of the Manryeok(萬曆) era Jomunbyeong(趙文炳) saw to the inscription. Therefore, the author must be recorded as 'Originally by Yanggyeju of the Myeong(明) dynasty, revised by Geunhyeon'. 2. The existing Myeong dynasty editions are mostly Leewolgyu(李月桂)'s 'Jungsu edition(重修本)' from the 14th year of the Sunchi(順治) era of the Qing(淸) dynasty and Wangbo(王輔)'s 'Chesu edition (遞修本)' Leewolgyu and Wangbo's preface was deleted and the original text was supplemented from the 37th year of the Ganghui(康熙) era. There are many traces of revision, supplementation and copying by people of later generations in these editions. 3. The 'Chukin edition(縮印本)' of $\ll$Chimgudaesung$\gg$ is mostly a merge of the Myeong dynasty editions and used much of the new revised 'Chesu edition'. This editions should not ever be used again as an original in putting the $\ll$Chimgudaesung$\gg$ in order. 4. After $\ll$Chimgudaesung$\gg$ was published Jomunbyeong had a craftsman publish 4 drawings of $\ll$Donginmyeongdangdo(銅人明堂圖)$\gg$, of which the originally published ones were w drawings of the front and rear, and when Jomunbyeong republished he added 2 Cheukindo(側人圖) of the frontal side(正側) and rear side(背側). 5. When Geunhyeon edited $\ll$Chimgudaesung$\gg$ only 14 medical books were used and quotes copied from other texts were always reedited. Most of the origins of the collected text are shown under the index, but many do not match with the original text. Also many documents were copied from medical books from later times and not the primal text. 6. The annotated sections of $\ll$Chimgudaesung$\gg$ such as 'Yangsi(楊氏)', 'Yangsijip(楊氏集)', 'Yangsijuhae(楊氏注解)', 'Hyeongibiyo' are all from Yanggyeju's $\ll$Hyeongibiyo$\gg$. Of these the origins for the sections marked 'Yangsijip' can be found, but some of the origins for sections annotated 'Yangsi' cannot be found.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.628-633
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• 2010

All the text of housing in 1910s was conveyed in three; hygiene general readings, home economics texts saying women's responsibility of cleaning house, and Japanese's observation and criticizing Korean housing. It stressed sanitary conditions of housing and criticised Korean housing dirty, of which contents and logic were same with the housing discourse in 1900s but much simpler and smaller in amount. It was mainly written by those in medical treatment field like doctors for enlightenment of private hygiene practice to Koreans. Because Choson Government-General(朝鮮總督府) excluded Korean residental areas from urban sanitation project, they remained dirty in 1910s. The practice of housing sanitation remained just as a matter of private sanitary practice. These political and discoursive conditions insinuated a sense that Korean dirty housing was representation of Korean's uncivilized customs and manners and a reason for being colonized. This sense made many Koreans to insist their housings' reforming to sanitary states just for civilization during colonized period.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.185-199
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• 1998

Going back to long chinese medical history, there were many different methods of treatment according to the origin of local chinese areas, such as Bian-Shi(?石) from east, herbal therapy from west, acupuncturing from south, moxibustion from north, and mainpulating therapy from middle china. In the midst of these therapies, acupuncture needling had developed very much both in theories, shapes, usages and also in theraputic boundray. Historical books dealing with acupuncture had introduced and used Jiu-Zhen as a tool for acupuncture needling in common. But there are some differences between each texts about in shape, use, and there are also another different point of view about the interrelationship between Bian-Shi and Ji-Zhen. So the author, in this research, tried to look for how Jiu-Zhen had took on its real kinds, adaptive usages, theraputic boundaries, many different skills of needing. By researching over ${\ulcorner}$ Ling-Shu, Jiu-Zhen(靈樞,九鍼)${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$ Ling-Shu, Jiu-Zhen-Shi- Yi-Yuan(靈樞,九鍼十二原)${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$ Ling-Shu, Guan-Zhen(靈樞,官鍼)${\lrcorner}$, and by compar- ing them with the contents of Jiu-Zhen in ${\ulcorner}$ Zhen-Jiu-Yi-Jing(鍼灸甲乙經)${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner}$Zhen-Jiu-Da-Cheng (鍼灸大成)${\lrcorner}$, the author discovered small conclusions such as following. 1. Taking Jiu-Zhen in a narrow sense, it only repesents nine different needle used in different cases. But in large sense, this means nine different deedling methods using each different needles which is represented in the form of Wu-Ci ( 五剌 ), Shi-Yi-Ci ( 十二剌 ) in ${\ulcorner}$ Ling-Shu, Guan-Zhen ${\lrcorner}$ 2. Jin-Zhen has been first originated from stone age as a substitute for Bian-Shi and through bronze and iron age, it followed a process of it's own shape and applicating functions. As an example, the moxibustional therapies shown in ${\ulcorner}$ Zu-Bi-Shi-Yi-Mai- Jiu-Jing ( 足臂十一脈灸經 )${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner}$ Yin-Yang-Shi-Yi-Mai-Jiu-Jing ( 陰陽十一脈灸經)${\lrcorner}$ in ahead of ${\ulcorner}$ Nei-Jing ( 內經 )${\lrcorner}$ era, was relationship in acupuncturing skills and shape. So Jiu-Zhen had been originated on the base of Bian-Shi in ancient times to develop into delicate shape, skill, and theraputic foundation of modern oriental medicine.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.71-83
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• 1996

Hyang-Yack-Ku-Keup-Bang(鄕藥救急方) is our own, medical work written about the middle of the time of Korea Dynasty. I restored and researched this book because it needed to be illuminated about its medico-historic value and then I came to some conclusions as follows. 1. Hyang-Yack-Ku-Keup-Bang was published in Dae-jang-do-kam(大藏都監) of Kanghaw island(江華島) about the middle of Korea Dynasty. Choi Ja-ha(崔自河) republished it on original publication ground in Euiheung(義興) of Kyungsang-Province(慶尙道) in July, Taejong's(太宗) 17th year of Chosen Dynasty (A.D.1417) and this book was published again in Chungcheng Province(忠淸道) in Sejong's(世宗) 9th year(A.D.1427). The book published in Taejong's days was in the possession of books department of Kung-nae-cheng(宮內廳) in Japan and was the oldest medical book of existing ones. 2. Bang-Jung-Hyang-Yack-Mock-Cho-Bu(方中鄕藥目草部) of this book was originally intended to be adjusted in each division with the title of Bang-Jung-Hyang-Yack-Mock(方中鄕藥目). But Herb part(草部) only followed editing progress of Jeung-Lew-Bon-Cho(證類本草), the rest is not divided into each part and is together arranged at the below of Herb part with the title of Bang-Jung-Hyang-Yack-Mock-Cho-Bu. The Korean inscriptions on some drugstuffs in this book are different between Native Name(鄕名) of three volumes of provisions and general-spoken(俗云) of Bang-Jung-Hyang-Yack-Mock-Cho-Bu. In this, it is estimated that the publishing time and editor of tile volume of provisions and Bang-Jung-Hyang-Yack-Mock-Cho-Bu are different. I think Choi Ja-ha compiled this behind three volumes of provisions when he published. 3. This book picked some prescriptions which consisted of obtainable drugs with ease in Korea in the books of Chell-Keum-Yo-Bang(千金要方), Oi-Dae-Bi-Yo(外臺秘要), Tae-Peong-Sung-Hye-Bang(太平聖惠方), Ju-Hu-Bang(?後方), Kyung-Hum-Yang- Bang(經驗良方) Bo-Je-Bon-Sa-Bang(普濟本事方) Bi-Ye-Baik-Yo-Bang(備預百要方) and so on and got together our own prescriptions. On the whole Bi-Ye-Baik-Yo-Bang was a chief referrence book, On this, other books referred to and corrected. 4. In provisions quoted from Hyang-Yack-Jip-Sung-Bang(鄕藥集成方), there are seven provisions; leg-paralysis part, coughing part, headache part, obstetrics part, etc. don't show in this book. This is why Choi Ja-ha published only certain texts on Dae-jang-do-kam edition his own posession. So we can think the existing edition has a little misses compared with original edition. 5. This book recorded only names of drugstuffs in animal drug department like fowls, crab, goldbug, earthworm, etc. and didn't tell us ways of taking those. This is effect of Buddhist culture on medicine. This is efforts to practice 'Don't murder';one of Five Prohibition of Buddhism. 6. Beacause this book was published at the time, when our originative medicine would be set forth. This followed the Chinese ways in Theory, Treatment, Prescription and used 'Hyang Yack' in Medication out of theory of Korean medicine, which was a transitional form. So this is all important material which tell us aspects of development of 'Hyang Yack' the middle of Korea Dynasty.and this is also the beginning of originative, medical works like Dong-Eui-Bo-Kam(東醫寶鑑), Dong-Eui-Su-Bo-Won(東醫壽世保元). 7. There are few contents based on 'Byen-Jeung-Lon-Chi(辨證論治)'in this book. So we can see this book is not for doctors who study medical thoughts but for general public who suffer from diseases resulted from war. Because this book was written for a first-aid treatmeant, this is an index of medical service for the people those days. And this is also an useful datum for first-aid medicine or military medicine in these modern days. 8. Nowadays, parts of learned world of Korean medicine disregard essential theories and want to explain Korean medicine only by the theories or the methods of Western medicine. Moreover they don't adopt Chinese and Japanese theorys & thoughts about Oriental medicine in our own style and just view in there level. What was worse, there is a growing tendency for them to indulge in a trimming policy of scholarship and to take others' ideas. I think these trends to ignore our own medical thoughts involving growth of 'Hyang Yack' in the middle of Korea Dynasty, Dong-Eui-Bo-Kam and Dong-Eui-Su-Se-Bo-Won. So we, as researchers of Korean medicine, must get out of this tendency, and take over brilliant tradition and try to develop originative Korean medicine.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.185-197
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• 2007

Objective : This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Hwangryunhaedok-Tang and Geongangbuja-Tang on the change of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) level induced by LPS I.C.V. injection in mice. Method : We devided group into 6 mice and 6 mice were assingned to each group. In the normal group only saline was administered intragastrically, and in the control group LPS was injected intracerebroventricularly 1 hr after intragastric administration of saline. In the experiment groups Hwangryunhaedok-Tang(0.5g/kg, 1.0g/kg, 3.0g/kg) was administered intragastrically to mice 1 hr prior to LPS(100mg/mouse) I.C.V. injection.. Also Geongangbuja-Tang (0.5g/kg, 1.0g/kg, 3.0g/kg) was administered intragastrically to mice 1 hr prior to LPS(100mg/mouse) I.C.V. injection. To measure the plasma IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ level of mice, their blood samples were collected from retro-orbital plexus, immediately centrifuged at $4^{\circ}C$, and plasma was removed and stored frozen at $-83^{\circ}C$ for later determination of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$. The level of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the plasma. Result : Regarding IL-6 level, The 0.5g/kg and the 1g/kg groups of Geongangbuja-Tang decreased IL-6 level. Especially the 3g/kg control group decreased IL-6 level significantly than the normal group(p<0.01). Regarding $TNF-{\alpha}$ level, the 3g/kg group of Geongangbuja-Tang decreased it significantly(p<0.05). Conclusion : These data revealed that Hwangryunhaedok-Tang might not have the anti imflammatory effect and Geongangbuja-Tang(3g/kg)might have the anti imflammatory effect by reducing the plasma IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ level in mice LPS Injection.EIM (Eighteen Incompatible Medicaments) is an important component in Oriental pharmacology and is directly related to clinical prescriptions. Medical practitioners argued that the definite cause and meaning of EIM was ambiguous and therefore debated the issue of clinical application of the EIM. This study conducted an in-depth literary research on the origin, meaning and contents of EIM with the purpose to contribute in its efforts to be used clinically. Even after thousands of years have past since establishment of Oriental medicine, EIM is still tabooed and was an obstacle that hindered ideologies. Modern herbal medicine texts claim that the use of EIM can reduce treatment effects and promote poisoning and side effects. However, since long ago, there has been medical practitioners who reject this as false. Recently, poisoning caused by EIM has been claimed to be from the toxicity of the drug itself, rather than the result of interaction between the drugs, and therefore they suggest that EIM is not a forbidden domain. In addition, EIM showed a difference in number depending on the era. However, this can be understood not as a definite number, but instead as a warning to be careful during combination of drugs for use as clinical medicine. Historically, there were very few cases in which EIM was used for clinical tests and thus, the clinical value is not, while others applied EIM directly to their bodies, which showed signs for the usefulness and potential of EIM for us. A more concrete and in-depth study must be made on EIM.