• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.734-739
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• 2009

미세 조류의 열화학적 반응 특성을 고찰하기 위하여 열중량 반응기(I.D. 5.5 cm, Height 1 m)를 이용하여 클로렐라의 열분해, 연소, 부분 산화에 따른 실험을 수행하였다. 반응 온도($500{\sim}800^{\circ}C$), 클로렐라의 수분 함유량(0~60%), 산소 농도(0~21%)에 따른 클로렐라의 무게 감량 변화를 관찰하였으며 이를 이용하여 열분해, 연소, 부분 산화 반응 특성을 고찰하였다. 수분 함량이 증가함에 따라 탄소 전환율과 반응성이 감소하는 경향이 발견되었다. 열분해의 경우, 건조 시료(수분 함량 0%)에 비하여 수분 함량이 늘어남에 따라 탄소 전환율과 반응성이 급격하게 감소한 반면, 부분 산화(5%) 및 연소의 경우에는 수분 함량이 60%가 되면서 탄소 전환율 및 반응성이 감소하는 경향이 발견되었다. 반응온도 및 산소의 분압이 증가함에 따라 탄소 전환율은 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 chlorella의 연소 반응식은 다음과 같다. $\frac{dX}{dt}=(7.41{\times}10^{-1})$exp$\left(-\frac{19600}{RT}\right)(P_{O_{2}})^{0.209}(1-X)^{2/3}$.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2002

Combustion performance of an internally cycloned circulating fluidized bed for paper sludge was discussed through a series of batch type experiments. Operation parameters such as water content, feeding mass of sludge and secondary air injection rate were varied to find out the effect on the combustion performance, which was examined with carbon conversion rate and pollutant emission such as CO and NOx. A conventional solid fuel reaction was observed in the experiments of varying water content and feeding mass of the sludge, which is characterized with kinetic limited reaction zone, diffusion limited reaction zone and transition zone. Secondary air injection with swirl enhances the mixing of the gas phase as well as the solid phase, and improves combustion efficiency accompanied with higher carbon conversion rate and lower pollutant emission rate.

• Carbon letters
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.17-21
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• 2000

Catalytic reduction and oxidation of NO over polyacrylonitrile based activated carbon fibers (PAN-ACF) under various conditions were carried out to develop removal process of NO from the flue gas. The effect of temperature, oxygen concentration and the moisture content for the reduction of NO with ammonia as a reducing agent was investigated. The reduction of NO increased with the oxygen concentration, but decreased with the increased temperature. The moisture content in the flue gas affects the reduction of NO as the inhibition of the adsorption of the other components and the reaction on the surface of ACE For the oxidation of NO to $NO_2$ over PAN-ACF without using a reducing gas, it showed the temperature and the oxygen concentration of the flue gas are the important factors for the NO conversion in which the conversion increased with oxygen concentration and decreased with the temperature increase and might be the alternative option for the selective catalytic reduction process.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.738-751
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• 2018

The effect of the reaction temperature and reaction time on the thermal oxidative purification quality of detonation nanodiamond (NDsoot) was investigated in a gas-solid fluidized bed reactor of a $0.10m-ID{\times}1.0m$-high stainless steel column with zirconia beads ($d_{SV}=99.2{\mu}m$). The carbon conversion increased with increasing the reaction temperature; however, when the reaction temperature was greater than 773 K, the carbon conversion did not increase. The content of $sp^3$-hybridized carbon at the reaction temperature of 703 K barely changed when the reaction time was more than 30 minutes, but at 773 K, the content decreased as preferred. At 703 K, the purification quality increased with the increasing reaction time; however, at 773 K, the purification quality increased up to 30 minutes and then decreased rapidly.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.817-823
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• 1990

Pilot-scale experiments on the oxidation of TiCl4 to produce TiO2 were carried out in a verical reactor of 20cm in inside diameter and 140cm in length ; LPG burning was used as a heating means to maintain the reaciton temperature. The effects of reaction temperature and excess oxygen content on the conversion of TiCl4 and on the particle size of produced TiO2 were investigated. The ranges of operating conditions varied were 900 to TiO2 was 0.45-0.57${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, TiCl4 conversion was 82-96%, the rutile content was 33-57% and the contents of impurities were 0.03% of Fe, 0.03% of SiO2 and 62ppm of Cl. These experimental results were compared with those of other investigators.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.631-635
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• 2006

석탄의 수소가스화 반응에 따른 합성천연가스(substitute natural gas, SNG) 제조 특성을 고찰하기 위하여 연속식 lab-scale 분류층 수소가스화기(지름 : 0.025 m, 높이 : 1.0 m)를 이용하였다. 수소가스화 시스템은 고압 가스 주입부, 석탄 주입시스템, 분류층 수소가스화 반응기, 미반응물 분리장치로 이루어졌다. 실험은 반응온도 $600{\sim}800^{\circ}C$, 수소/석탄비 0.2~0.4, 석탄주입량 0.8~2.5 g/min의 범위에서 수행되었다. 6종류의 석탄시료를 사용한 실험결과로부터 반응온도가 증가하면 메탄화에 의한 탄소 전환율은 증가하였지만 증가하는 경향은 석탄의 종류에 따라서 각각 다르게 나타났다. 또한 수소/석탄비가 증가할수록 탄소 전환율이 증가하는 반면, 메탄농도는 감소함을 보였다. 석탄 시료 중에 포함된 탄소함량이 증가할수록 탄소 전환율이 증가하였으며, 석탄중 휘발분 함량이 35 wt％일 때 최대의 탄소전환율을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.123-130
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to find the characteristics of space utilization and the problems that follows after converting in a new developmental residential area. This study used the content-analysis method and analysis was made on the floor plans for 95 different conversion cases. Above all, 190 unit plans (the unit plans for conversion before and after) were analyzed. The results of this study were as follows; 1) There were 8 types of conversion according to such usages as residential, commercial and residential-commercial buildings. 2) In the case of conversions, from residential to commercial, there was a tendency each floor was integrated to exclusive use for commercial or commercial with small portions of residential usage. And in the case of conversions from commercial to residential, there was a tendency that all space of each floor were changed to exclusive usages for residential purposes. 3) In case of usage conversion from commercial to residential, there were constraints for balcony installation, because of its original lot-structure and building equipments. Also, when the basement was converted for residential purpose, there was no possibility for an extra lighting or ways to ventilate the area.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2006

고정층 마이크로반응기를 이용하여 폐목재의 열화학적 전환에 영향을 미치는 운전 조건들-반응온도, 승온속도, 입도, 수분함량의 영향을 조사하였다. 사용한 시료는 소나무, 참나무, 아카시아, 은행나무의 폐목재칩을 사용하였다. 실험에 사용한 시료의 평균 수분 함량은 $35wt\%$이었으며 다른 바이오매스와 마찬가지로 회분함량은 $0.5wt\%$ 이하로 나타났다. 시료들의 평균 발열량은 4,550kca1/kg이었다. 열화학적 전환에 따라 발생된 생성물분포는 시료종류, 수분함량, 입도와 같이 시료의 물성에 따라 다소 달랐으며 평균적으로 액상 $40wt\%$, 고상 $20wt\%$,그리고 기상 $40wt\%$를 보였다. 생성가스의 조성은 거의 모든 실험변수에 영향을 받았으며, 평균적으로 수소 $40wt\%$, 일산화탄소 $30wt\%$이었으며 메탄은 $10wt\%$ 정도이었다.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.272-280
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• 2009

모바일 기술의 발전으로 오프라인 컨텐츠가 아닌 온라인 매체로 다양한 영상 컨텐츠를 제공받는 수요층이 늘어나고 있다. 그러나 모바일 단말기의 작은 화면에 맞게 수작업으로 편집/수정하기 위해서는 비용과 노력이 많이 드는 단점이 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 영상 컨텐츠 가운데 가장 다양한 형태를 지닌 인쇄 만화를 모바일 단말기 환경에 맞게 자동 변환하는 Automatic Comics Conversion(ACC) 시스템을 제안한다. 모바일 단말기 화면에 적합한 형태로 기존 오프라인 만화책 각 한 면의 프레임으로 분할하기 위해 다층신경망(MLP: Multi-Layer Perceptorn)을 이용하였으며, 각 프레임은 영상의 의미 구조 (Semantic Structure)의 손실을 최소화하여 적합한 크기로 분할된 영상들을 자동 변환하여 제공한다. 또한 동적인 만화 영상을 애니메이션으로 제공하기 위하여 텍스처 분석 연구를 더 했다. 이에 본 연구는 만화뿐만 아니라 프레임 단위로 되어있는 사진, 웹사이트, 다양한 영상 등을 언제 어디서나 제공받을 수 있도록 모바일 단말기에 제공함으로써 효율성을 검증한다. 또한 오프라인의 정지 영상을 분할된 영상 프레임 정보를 통해 움직이는 영상으로 제공할 수도 있다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.163-175
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• 2021

Background: Ginsenosides, which have strong biological activities, can be divided into polar or less-polar ginsenosides. Methods: This study evaluated the phytochemical diversity of the saponins in Panax ginseng (PG) root, American ginseng (AG) root, and Panax notoginseng (NG) root; the stem-leaves from Panax ginseng (SPG) root, American ginseng (SAG) root, and Panax notoginseng (SNG) root as well as the saponins obtained following heating and acidification [transformed Panax ginseng (TPG), transformed American ginseng (TAG), transformed Panax notoginseng (TNG), transformed stem-leaves from Panax ginseng (TSPG), transformed stem-leaves from American ginseng (TSAG), and transformed stem-leaves from Panax notoginseng (TSNG)]. The diversity was determined through the simultaneous quantification of the 16 major ginsenosides. Results: The content of ginsenosides in NG was found to be higher than those in AG and PG, and the content in SPG was greater than those in SNG and SAG. After transformation, the contents of polar ginsenosides in the raw saponins decreased, and contents of less-polar compounds increased. TNG had the highest levels of ginsenosides, which is consistent with the transformation of ginseng root. The contents of saponins in the stem-leaves were higher than those in the roots. The transformation rate of SNG was higher than those of the other samples, and the loss ratios of total ginsenosides from NG (6%) and SNG (4%) were the lowest among the tested materials. In addition to the conversion temperature, time, and pH, the crude protein content also affects the conversion to rare saponins. The proteins in Panax notoginseng allowed the highest conversion rate. Conclusion: Thus, the industrial preparation of less-polar ginsenosides from SNG is more efficient and cheaper.