• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.381-390
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• 2017

국내 원자력발전소의 사용후핵연료는 소내저장시설에 보관되어 있으나 저장시설의 용량 확장이 어려움이 있으며, 연구기관의 연구로에서 발생하는 고준위 방사성폐기물도 자체 보관중이나 영구적으로 저장할 수 없다. 또한 원전의 해체 시에도 고준위 방사성폐기물이 발생할 것으로 예상된다. 이에 따라, 본 연구에서는 현재 개발된 사용후핵연료 운반용기를 사용하여 고준위 방사성폐기물을 가상의 관리시설로 철도를 통하여 운반하는 경우에 대하여 작업자 및 운반경로 주변 일반인의 예상 피폭선량을 평가하였으며, 그 결과를 국내 법적기준치와 비교하였다. 또한, 고준위 방사성폐기물의 상하차 작업 시 작업자와 운반용기 간 거리와 운반사고 시 방사성핵종의 누출율의 변화에 따른 피폭선량의 변화에 따른 피폭선량 추이와 운반에 사용되는 열차의 구성에 따른 운반작업자의 피폭선량 변화를 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 설정한 모든 조건에서의 예상피폭선량은 국내 법적제한치 이하임을 확인하였다.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2005

Purpose: The morbidity of pesticides are largely related with accidental ingestion in human. The four principal ideals of clarity, completeness, conformity and consistency of label are important to make a correct usage and prevent unnecessary health risk. The aim of this study is to evaluate the appropriateness of pesticides labelling practice in Korea. Methods: The photographic label images of pesticide products were gathered through visiting thirteen manufacturers that produce pesticide products in Korea. We scored labelling practice by guidelines of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 1995. Results: From August 2005 to November 2005, we gathered 1,296 label images of pesticide and $58.3{\%}$ (755/1,296) of images were scored by check lists for reviewing label content. The average score of four check list categories was $71.9{\pm}2.2$. Each categorical score were $91.7{\pm}0.9$ for the information appearing on the label, $31.3{\pm}0.0$ for safety precaution, $77.7{\pm}2.0$ for instructions for use, $87.0{\pm}8.7$ for general configurations. In safety precaution, the sentence of keeping locked up the product and two mandatory safety pictograms were missed in all label images. In general configurations category, there was score difference in product package types between bottle and bag container ($85.1{\pm}9.0$ vs. $90.3{\pm}7.2$, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Although there was no comparable previous data, the score of safety precaution was lowest than other categories because the two mandatory safety pictograms and locked up warning sentence were missed. In general configurations, the colour contrast was more inappropriate in the labels on bottle than bag container.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.423-432
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• 2020

Objectives: In this study, we analyzed the current state of delivery containers and packages and established handling guidelines to safely transport delivery containers and packages for use in research, testing, and examination reagents. Methods: Handling guidelines were revised in such categories as maintenance of the handling facilities, storage, loading and unloading, containers and packages, transportation, etc. In addition, we analyzed the current state of domestic sales for hazardous chemicals used for research, testing, and examination reagents, and investigated the handling guidelines related to delivery transportation in the USA, EU, and Japan by chemical property. Results: There are 6,160 companies selling hazardous chemicals. Among them, the 476 companies selling reagents for use in research, testing, and examination were investigated. Total amounts handled reached 425,000 tons, contributing to 0.2% of the total. For delivery transportation, internal containers and packaging was specified for chemical properties as follows: within 1 L for flammable gas, within 5 L for flammable liquid, and within 18 L for others. In addition, the maximum size of the outer package was set within 130 cm for total length, width, and height, and no dimension of the packaging could exceed 60 cm. Sixty-four hazardous chemicals with explosiveness or acute inhalation toxicity were prohibited for delivery transportation. Conclusion: Specified handling guidelines for inner and outer containers as well as packaging were regulated for delivery transportation of hazardous chemicals used for reagents. In addition, 64 hazardous chemicals were prohibited for delivery transportation. These are designed to prevent transportation accidents involving hazardous chemicals for reagents and thus protect the safety and health of transporters who handle hazardous chemicals.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.184-192
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• 2014

'후지' 사과의 단기 저장과 모의 수출 과정에서 소포장 적용이 중량감소와 품질에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 2년에 걸쳐 포장의 밀폐도를 단계적으로 조절하는 실험을 수행하였다. 포장의 밀폐도는 천공 처리 수준(무천공, 펀치 홀, 핀홀)과 밀봉 방식(끈 묶음, 열 접착)을 달리하여 조절하였다. 수확 후 사과를 $40{\mu}m$ 폴리프로필렌 필름 포장 봉지에 5개씩 담아 $0^{\circ}C$에서 4주 저장한 후, 1년차 예비실험에서는 바로 상온유통 과정을 거쳤고 2년차 본 실험에서는 2주간의 냉장 컨테이너 수출 운송과 현지 상온 유통 7일의 모의 수출 과정을 거쳤다. 천공 처리 없이 끈 묶음 혹은 열 접착한, 비교적 높은 수준의 밀폐 소포장에서는 이산화탄소 축적에 의한 내부갈변 증상이 발현되었다. 이에 비해 천공 처리 필름 소포장에서의 MA 환경조성은 핀홀 처리 소포장에서만 관찰되었고, 모든 처리에서 내부갈변 장해는 발생하지 않았다. 밀폐도가 낮은 펀치 홀 천공 처리 필름 소포장에서도 단기 저장 후 모의 수출 과정에서 중량 감소를 줄이는 효과가 나타났으나 과일의 이화학 품질에 미치는 영향은 미미하였다. 천공도를 낮춘 핀홀 처리 역시 이화학 품질 유지 효과는 없었으나 조직감 관능 유지에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 사과의 단기저장과 수출과정에 소포장 기술을 적용할 때 MA 조성을 통한 품질유지 효과를 높이기 위해서는 펀치 홀 천공보다는 훨씬 미세한 천공 처리의 필요성이 제시되었다.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2015

Fruit and vegetables are subjected to complex dynamic stresses in the transportation environment. During a long journey from the production area to customers using parcel delivery service, there is always some degree of vibration present. Vibration inputs are transmitted from the vehicle through the packaging to the fruit. Inside, these cause sustained bouncing of fruits against each other and container wall. These steady state vibration input may cause serous fruit injury, and this damage is particularly severe whenever the fruit inside the package is free to bounce, and is vibrated at its resonance frequency. The determination of the resonance frequencies of the fruit and vegetables may help the packaging designer to determine the proper packaging system providing adequate protection for the fruit, and to understand the complex interaction between the components of fruit when they relate to expected transportation vibration inputs. Instrumentation and technologies are described for determining the vibration response characteristics of the fruits with frequency range 3 to 150 Hz. The resonance frequency of the pear ranged from 53 to 102 Hz and the amplitude at resonance was between 1.08 and 2.48 G. The resonance frequency and amplitude at resonance decreased with the increase of the sample mass, and they were slightly affected by mechanical properties such as bioyield deformation and rupture deformation. Regression analysis was performed among the relatively high correlated parameters from the results of correlation coefficient analysis.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.477-493
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• 1997

The consumers' purchase experiences of some imported agricultural products (rice, sesame, garlic, onion, jujube, red pepper, oak mushroom, apple, dried persimmon) and their consciousness for the labelling of the country of origin for agricultural products in Youngnam region were examined in this study. The sample consisted of 438 women who lived in Taegu, Pusan and other cities of Kyungpook and Kyungnam, and the self-administered questionnaire for the survey was used. The main reasons to purchase the imported agricultural products were the wide distribution and low price of them. Most of the consumers were concerned about safety of the imported agricultural products but only a few people experienced unsatisfaction of the products. The price, quality, package, container, label, and safety of the examined products were evaluated worse than those of the domestic products. Generally, although they suffered unsatisfaction, the consumers did not complain because they wanted to avoid troublesome work, which means the consumers did not assert their rights. Some people did not know the labelling system for the country of origin and the place to charge the market violating it. Therefore, it will be necessary for the consumers to receive education about the labelling system for the country of origin and the compensation criteria for consumers' grievances and damages. The current labelling method for the country of origin generally met the consumers' preference but the consumers wanted to improve the position and color of the label. Most consumers could not differentiate the imported products from the domestic products. The results obtained from the survey suggest consumer education for the labelling system for the country of origin and the compensation criteria should be activated through various ways such as mass media and consumer organizations.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.125-130
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• 2019

Shock and vibration inputs are transmitted from the vehicle through the packaging to the fruit. Inside, these cause sustained bouncing of fruits against each other and container wall. These steady state vibration input may cause serous fruit injury, and this damage is particularly severe whenever the fruit inside the package is free to bounce, and is vibrated at its resonance frequency. The determination of the resonance frequencies of the fruit and vegetables may help the packaging designer to determine the proper packaging system providing adequate protection for the fruit, and to understand the complex interaction between the components of fruit when they relate to expected transportation vibration inputs. Instrumentation and technologies are described for determining the vibration response characteristics of the pears for exporting with frequency range from 10 to 200 Hz, sweep rate of 1 octave/min, sweep method of logarithmic up and down and acceleration levels of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 G considering the domestic transportation environment. The resonance frequency of the pears ranged from 49.04 to 87.16 Hz and the amplitude at resonance was between 0.96 and 4.02 G in test frequency band and acceleration level. The resonance frequency and amplitude at resonance frequency band of the pears decreased with the increase of the sample mass. The multiple nonlinear regression equations for predicting the resonance frequency of the pears were developed using the independent variables such as mass, input acceleration.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.42-58
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• 1999

Packaging materials and articles that are used in food contact applications can transfer constituents in the foodstuffs. This kind of risk of possible health hazards to consumers has been generally recognized for a long time with the consequence of establishing corresponding food regulations in most developed countries. However, the language of these laws, their interpretation, and their level of enforcement vary from country to country. Accordingly, the actual migrating levels from packaging materials can be varied depending on the migration testing methods as prescribed in the national legislation in each countries. Therefore, there are needs of elimination of non-tariff trade barriers raised by sanitary and phytosanitary or technical measures under the Final Act of the UR Agreement. In this connection, the EU and USA are currently in an ongoing process of legislation harmonization to overcome potential barriers to free trade. In general, regulations governing component transfer in the USA are more complicated and comprehensive than similar regulations in Europe. In future, standard migration testing procedures for microwave heat susceptor materials and for the use of fatty food simulant should be established and also harmonized among countries. The objective of this investigation is to compare the current regulations for migration testing for plastic containers and packaging materials in USA, EU and Korea or Japan. For those regulations, Korean standards are required to be kept up with the international standards. By doing this, the related Korean regulation could be amended along with the worldwide progress for harmonization.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2024

To establish a radioactive waste life cycle history management system, a series of processes including waste generation, classification, packaging, storage, transportation, and disposal were reflected in the information management system. A preliminary review process was introduced to reduce the amount of radioactive waste generated and manage it efficiently. Through this, the amount of radioactive waste generated must be checked from the beginning of the research, and the generated radioactive waste must be thoroughly managed from the stage of generation to final disposal. In particular, in the case of radioactive waste data generated during nuclear facility operation and each experiment, a radioactive waste information management system must be operated to receive information from the waste generator and integrate it with processing information at the management stage. The application process for small-package containers was reflected so that information such as the generation facility of radioactive waste, generation facility, project information, types of radioactive waste, major radionuclides, etc. In the radioactive waste management process, the preceding steps are to receive waste history from the waste generators. This includes an application for a specified container with a QR label, pre-inspection, and management request. Next, the succeeding steps consist of repackaging, treatment, characterization, and evaluating the suitability of disposal, for a process to transparently manage radioactive wastes.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.119-123
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• 2013

기체확산 튜브를 부착한 신선 농산물 용기에서 적정 변형기체(modified atmosphere, MA)를 형성하기 위하여 산소 농도에 따라 실시간적으로 반응하여 튜브 개폐가 이루어지는 제어 logic을 개발하고 그 유효성을 검증하였다. 본 연구는 이전의 연구에서 이루어진 $O_2$ 및 $CO_2$ 센서 모두를 이용하여 제어하는 logic의 단순화를 시도한 것으로 7~10%의 $O_2$, 5~10%의 $CO_2$ 농도를 적정 MA로 갖는 시금치를 담은 용기 시스템에 대해서 $10^{\circ}C$에서 실험적으로 개발된 제어 logic의 효과를 검증하였다. $[O_2]+[CO_2]$=21%의 가정된 관계에 기반하여 $O_2$ 농도 제어점을 $CO_2$ 농도 허용 상한값(10%)에 상당하는 11%로 설정하여 제어한 결과 $CO_2$ 농도가 허용상한치 10% 바로 이하에 머무는 것으로 확인되었다. $O_2$ 농도 제어점은 품목의 $O_2/CO_2$의 MA 요구도에 따라 $O_2$ 하한값 자체 혹은 조정된 하한값으로 둘 수 있다. 산소 센서만을 사용한 개발 제어 logic은 11%의 평형 $O_2$ 농도와 8~9%의 $CO_2$ 농도를 유지하였고, 이는 $O_2$ 및 $CO_2$ 센서 모두를 사용한 제어의 조건에서 9~10%의 평형 $O_2$ 농도와 10%의 $CO_2$ 농도를 유지한 것과 비슷하였다. 그리고 확산튜브를 부착한 두 가지의 MA 용기에서 보관된 시금치의 품질은 차이가 없이 통기성 대조구에 비하여 우수하였다.