• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.4145-4162
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• 2021

During the period of epidemic prevention and control, contact tracing systems are developed in many countries, to stop or slow down the progression of COVID-19 contamination. However, the privacy issues involved in the use of contact tracing apps have also attracted people's attention. First, we divide contact tracing techniques into two types: Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) based and Global Positioning System (GPS) based techniques. In order to clear understand the system structure and its elements, we create data flow diagram (DFD) of each types. Second, we analyze the possible privacy threats contained in various types of contact tracing apps by applying LINDDUN, which is a threat modeling technique for personal information protection. Third, we make a comparison and analysis of various contact tracing techniques from privacy point of view. These studies can facilitate improve tracing and security performance to contact tracing apps through comparisons between different types.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.1151-1166
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• 2020

COVID-19 감염 확산을 효과적으로 막기 위해 최근 ICT 기술을 기반으로 하는 접촉자 추적 기술이 사용되고 있으며, 이 기술들에는 추적 방식에 따라 다양한 유형이 존재한다. 하지만 이러한 기술들은 항상 보안 위협에 노출되어 있으며 각각의 유형에 따라 발생 가능한 위협도 다양하다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 유형의 접촉자 추적 기술에서 공통적으로 발생하는 프로세스들을 확인하고 이 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 위협을 식별하였다. 이를 통해 다양한 유형의 접촉자 추적 기술 모두에 적용 가능한 공통된 평가 기준을 도출하였으며, 이를 실제 공개된 접촉자 추적 기술에 적용하여 유형 별 비교 분석을 수행하였다. 이러한 연구는 여러 유형 간의 비교를 통해 안전하고 효과적인 접촉자 추적 기술을 선택하는데 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.644-662
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• 2023

There are still outbreaks of COVID-19 across the world. Ships increase the risk of worldwide transmission of the virus. Close contact tracing remains as an effective method of reducing the risk of virus transmission. Therefore, close contact tracing in ship environments becomes a research topic. Exposure Notifications API (Application Programming Interface) can be used to determine the encountered location points of close contacts on ships. Location points of close contact are estimated by the encountered location points. Risky areas in ships can be calculated based on the encountered location points. The tracking of close contacts is possible with Bluetooth technology without the Internet. The Bluetooth signal can be used to judge the proximity among detecting devices by using the feature that Bluetooth has a strong signal at close range. This Bluetooth feature makes it possible to trace close contacts in ship environments. In this paper, we propose a method for close contact tracing and showing the risky area in a ship environment by combining beacon and Exposure Notification API using Bluetooth technology. This method does not require an Internet connection for tracing close contacts and can protect the personal information of close contacts.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.541-564
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• 2024

Contact-tracing applications have significantly contributed to mitigating the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), yet the extensive use of these location-based applications raises serious privacy concerns. Drawing on the Information-Motivation-Behavioral (IMB) skills model, our study investigated factors that influence users' protective behaviors toward location privacy, elucidating the privacy paradox and the mediating role of implementation intention. Through an online survey conducted in China with 311 participants, we found that privacy concerns and privacy awareness positively affected the use of mobile location service settings, with privacy concerns mediating the relationship between privacy awareness and the intention to protect privacy. Furthermore, our study demonstrated the privacy paradox, revealing the pivotal mediating role of implementation intentions in bridging the gap between users' intentions and their actual behaviors. This study offers new perspectives on the privacy paradox, particularly through the lens of implementation intention, and provides valuable insights for motivating greater use of contact-tracing applications. It offers both theoretical and practical guidance for stakeholders to address privacy concerns during global pandemics like COVID-19, thereby encouraging a more widespread and responsible engagement with technology in public health.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.291-307
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• 2021

그동안 COVID-19의 확산을 막고 사회를 정상화하려는 노력이 있었고, 감염 확산 탐지를 위해선 접촉자 추적기술이 필수적이다. 하지만, 정부에 의한 접촉 추적 과정에서 공개된 감염자의 개인 정보 침해에 대한 우려가 제기되고 있고, 이에 Google과 Apple은 개인 정보 보호와 보안을 고려하여 정부와 보건 기관의 COVID-19 확산 방지에 대한 노력을 도울 수 있도록 블루투스 기술을 사용한 접촉 추적 기술을 발표했다. 그러나 더 나은 접촉 추적기술을 제시하기 위해서는 체계적으로 보안 위협 및 취약점 도출하는 과정이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 STRIDE, LINDDUN 위협 모델링을 통해 COVID-19 접촉 추적 기술에 대한 보안성을 분석하고, 이것을 기반으로 Zero-knowledge Succinctness Non-interactive Arguments of Knowledges(zkSNARKs)와 Public Key Infrastructure(PKI)를 이용해 실질적인 데이터 무결성과 개인 정보 보호 보장 방식을 제안한다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.377-383
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• 2023

Objectives: Korea and Japan have managed the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using markedly different policies, referred to as the "3T" and "3C" strategies, respectively. This study examined these differences to assess the roles of active testing and contact tracing as non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). We compared the proportion of unlinked cases (UCs) and test positivity rate (TPR) as indicators of tracing and testing capacities. Methods: We outlined the evolution of NPI policies and investigated temporal trends in their correlations with UCs, confirmed cases, and TPR prior to the Omicron peak. Spearman correlation coefficients were reported between the proportion of UCs, confirmed cases, and TPR. The Fisher r-to-z transformation was employed to examine the significance of differences between correlation coefficients. Results: The proportion of UCs was significantly correlated with confirmed cases (r=0.995, p<0.001) and TPR (r=0.659, p<0.001) in Korea and with confirmed cases (r=0.437, p<0.001) and TPR (r=0.429, p<0.001) in Japan. The Fisher r-to-z test revealed significant differences in correlation coefficients between the proportion of UCs and confirmed cases (z=16.07, p<0.001) and between the proportion of UCs and TPR (z=2.12, p=0.034) in Korea and Japan. Conclusions: Higher UCs were associated with increases in confirmed cases and TPR, indicating the importance of combining testing and contact tracing in controlling COVID-19. The implementation of stricter policies led to stronger correlations between these indicators. The proportion of UCs and TPR effectively indicated the effectiveness of NPIs. If the proportion of UCs shows an upward trend, more testing and contact tracing may be required.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.408-415
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• 1997

The backward tracing scheme of the finite element analysis, which is counted to be unique and useful for process design in metal forming, has been developed and applied successfully in industry to several metal forming processes. Here the backward tracing scheme is implemented for process design of three-dimensional plastic deformation in metal forming, and it is applied to a precision coining process. The contact problem between the die and workpiece has been treated carefully during backward tracing simulation in three-dimensional deformation. The results confirm that the application of the developed program implemented with backward tracing scheme of the rigid plastic finite element leads to a reasonable initial piercing hole configuration. It is concluded that three-dimensional extension of the scheme appears to be successful for industrial applications.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.359-373
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• 2022

The new crown pneumonia (COVID-19) has become a global epidemic. The disease has spread to most countries and poses a challenge to the healthcare system. Contact tracing technology is an effective way for public health to deal with diseases. Many experts have studied traditional contact tracing and developed digital contact tracking. In order to better understand the field of contact tracking, it is necessary to analyze the development of contact tracking in the field of computer science by bibliometrics. The purpose of this research is to use literature statistics and topic analysis to characterize the research literature of contact tracking in the field of computer science, to gain an in-depth understanding of the literature development status of contact tracking and the trend of hot topics over the past decade. In order to achieve the aforementioned goals, we conducted a bibliometric study in this paper. The study uses data collected from the Scopus database. Which contains more than 10,000 articles, including more than 2,000 in the field of computer science. For popular trends, we use VOSviewer for visual analysis. The number of contact tracking documents published annually in the computer field is increasing. At present, there are 200 to 300 papers published in the field of computer science each year, and the number of uncited papers is relatively small. Through the visual analysis of the paper, we found that the hot topic of contact tracking has changed from the past "mathematical model," "biological model," and "algorithm" to the current "digital contact tracking," "privacy," and "mobile application" and other topics. Contact tracking is currently a hot research topic. By selecting the most cited papers, we can display high-quality literature in contact tracking and characterize the development trend of the entire field through topic analysis. This is useful for students and researchers new to field of contact tracking ai well as for presenting our results to other subjects. Especially when comprehensive research cannot be conducted due to time constraints or lack of precise research questions, our research analysis can provide value for it.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.16-33
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• 2022

연구목적: 적절한 동선 파악과 동선 추적은 코로나19 역학조사를 위해서 매우 중요하다. 동선 추적 앱 도입을 활발히 하기 위해서는 사용자들의 앱에 대한 기대, 선호 그리고 우려하는 부분에 대한 이해가 필요하다. 본 연구는 동선 추적 앱의 사용률을 높이고, 데이터 공유를 원활히 할 수 있게 해주는 자발적 앱 서비스에 대한 기본적 특징과 적절한 서비스를 찾고자 하였다. 또한 사람들이 왜 동선 추적 앱을 사용하려고 하는지에 대한 주요요인을 확인하였다. 연구방법: 이 연구는 2020년 11월 11일부터 12월 6일까지 온라인 서베이를 실시하였고, 통 1,048명의 응답 데이터를 수집하였다. 응답 데이터 중 2020년 가장 많은 코로나19 확진자가 나온 지역의 883명의 응답자 데이터를 분석에 사용하였다. 결과: 코로나 19 관련 앱을 사용해본 경험자들은 동선 추적 앱에 대한 높은 사용의도를 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 응답자들은 보건소와 같은 공공기관에서(74%), 무료(93.88%)로 앱을 제공해주기를 원했다. 동선 추적 앱 사용의도에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 예방적 가치, 기대성과, 인지된 위험, 촉진기능, 노력기대 등으로 나타났다. 또한 개인정보 보호 및 개인정보 노출에 대한 사용자들의 우려를 해결하고 자발적 앱 사용이 필요한 것으로 분석되었다. 함의: 본 연구 결과는 동선 추적 개발에 있어, 적절한 서비스와 사용자들의 니즈를 파악하는데 유용할 것이다. 사람들의 앱 참여율과 데이터 공유를 높일 수 있는 자발적 앱 개발을 위한 기반을 제공해준다. 또한 본 연구는 역학조사에 협조가 가능한 신뢰 가능한 동선 추적 앱 개발의 근간을 마련할 수 있다.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.681-685
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• 2022

COVID-19 사태를 비롯하여 인류는 지속적인 바이러스 감염에 노출되고 있고 감염자를 신속하게 격리하고 접촉자를 추적하여 감염 확산을 방지를 위한 노력이 진행되고 있다. 연락을 통해 확진자 접촉을 확인하는 수동적인 역학조사는 정확성과 신속성 측면에서 한계가 있어 다양한 디지털 기술을 활용한 자동적인 추적 방법이 제안되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 저전력 블루투스 BLE(Bluetooth Low Energy) 기술을 활용하여 접촉을 확인하고 RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) 값에 대한 분석과 보정을 통해 밀접 접촉을 식별하는 알고리즘을 제시하고, 중앙집중형 서버 구조의 바이러스 확산을 방지할 수 있는 시스템을 제안하고자 한다.