• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2007

Objectives : Chronic infections with hepatitis B or C and alcoholic cirrhosis are three well-known major risk factors for liver cancer. Diabetes has also been suggested as a potential risk factor. However, the findings of previous studies have been controversial in terms of the causal association. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between serum glucose levels and liver cancer development in a Korean cohort. Methods : Thirty-six liver cancer cases were identified in the Korean Multi-Center Cancer Cohort (KMCC). Baseline information on lifestyle characteristics was obtained via questionnaire. Serum glucose levels were measured at the study's enrollment. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated using a Cox proportional hazard regression model. The adjusting variables included age, gender, smoking history, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositivity. Results : The RRs of serum glucose for liver caner were 1.20 (95% CI = 0.48-2.99) for the category of 100 to 125 mg/dL of serum glucose and 2.77 (95% CI = 1.24-6.18) for the >126 mg/dL serum glucose category (both compared to the <100 mg/dL category). In a subgroup analysis, the RR of serum glucose among those who were both HBsAg seronegative and non-drinkers was 4.46 (95% CI = 1.09-18.28) for those with glucose levels >100 mg/dL. Conclusions : The results of this study suggest that a high level of serum glucose can increase liver cancer risk independently of hepatitis infection and drinking history in Koreans. This study implies that glucose intolerance may be an independent risk factor for liver cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권17호
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• pp.7467-7472
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• 2015

Background: Breast cancer is known to be one of the most prevalent cancers among women in both developing and developed countries. The incidence of breast cancer in Pakistan has increased dramatically within the last few years and is the second country after Israel in Asia to have highest proportional cases of breast cancer. However, there are limited data for breast cancer available in the literature from Pakistan. Objectives: The study was conducted to bring to light the common clinical presentation of breast cancer and to evaluate the frequency of established risk factors in breast carcinoma patients and furthermore to compare the findings between premenopausal and postmenopausal women in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: A 6 months (from July 2012 to Dec 2012) cross sectional survey was conducted in Surgical and Oncology Units of Civil Hospital, Karachi. Data were collected though a well developed questionnaire from 105 female patients diagnosed with carcinoma of breast and analyzed using SPSS version 17. Institutional ethical approval was obtained prior to data collection. Results: Out of 105 patients, 43 were premenopausal and 62 were postmenopausal, 99 being married. Mean age at diagnosis was $47.8{\pm}12.4years$. A painless lump was the most frequent symptom, notived by 77.1%(n=81). Some 55.2% (n=58) patients had a lump in the right breast and 44.8%(n=47) in the left breast. In the majority of cases, the lump was present in upper outer quadrant 41.9% (n=44). Mean period of delay from appearance of symptoms to consulting a doctor was $5.13{\pm}4.8months$, from the shortest 1 month to the longest 36 months. Long delay (> 3 months) was the most frequent figure 41.9%. Considering overall risk factors most frequent were first pregnancy after 20 years of age (41%), physical breast trauma (28.6%), lack of breast feeding(21.9%), and early menarche <11 years (19%), followed by null parity (16.2%), consumption of high fat diet (15.2%), family history of breast cancer or any other cancer in first degree relatives (9.5% and 13.3%, respectively). Some of the less common factors were late menopause >54 years (8.6%), use of oral contraceptive pills (10.5%), use of hormone replacement therapy (4.7%),smoking (4.7%) and radiation (0.96%). Significant differences (p<0.005) were observed between pre and post menopausal women regarding history of physical breast trauma, practice of breast feeding and parity. Conclusions: A painless lump was the most frequent clinical presentation noted. Overall age at first child > 20 years, physical breast trauma, lack of breast feeding, early menarche <11 were the most frequent risk factors. Physical breast trauma, lower parity, a trend for less breast feeding had more significant associations with pre-menopausal than post-menopausal onset. Increase opportunity of disease prevention can be obtained through better understanding of clinical presentation and risk factors important in the etiology of breast cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권14호
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• pp.5685-5689
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• 2014

Background: It is well known that smoking is a preventable factor for all-cause mortality; however, it is still questionable how many years after smoking cessation that people will have reduced risk for mortality, in particular in those with a high interest in their own health. We aimed to examine the association between time since quitting smoking and total mortality among past-smokers relative to current smokers. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 36,446 health examinees that voluntarily taken with diverse health check-up packages of high cost burden in 1995-2003 and followed them till death by 2004. The history of cigarette smoking consumption was collected using a self-administrative questionnaire at the first visit time. Mortality risk by smoking cessation years was analyzed using Cox's proportional hazard model. Results: Compared to non-smokers, male smokers over 15 pack-years had higher risk for total mortality (HR=1.60, 95%CI 1.23-2.14). The mortality risk in female smokers with same pack-years was more pronounced than that in male smokers (HR=2.83, 95%CI 1.17-7.04) despite a small number of cases. Compared to current smokers, a decrease of total mortality was observed among those who ceased smoking, and inverse dose-response was found with years after cessation: RR 0.98 (95%CI, 0.64-1.41) (<2 yrs), 0.60 (95%CI, 0.43-0.83) (3-9 yrs), and 0.58 (95%CI, 0.43-0.79) (${\geq}10$ yrs). Conclusions: A reduced risk of total mortality was observed after 3 years of smoking cessation. Our findings suggest that at least 3 years of smoking cessation may contribute to reduce premature mortality among Asian men.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권12호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2014

Purpose - In urban regeneration projects, considerations for rejuvenating traditional public markets are becoming increasingly important. That is because the traditional market is not just a commercial space but also a living center for local people's existence. Cultural contents like these are invaluable assets in the contemporary economy. However, traditional markets are gradually declining because of changes in distribution systems and consumer lifestyles. New distribution systems such as modern distribution markets, home shopping, and online shopping malls made traditional markets less competitive. Further, traditional markets have not been able to adapt to the changing consumption styles of younger generations. Some say that it is a natural phenomenon that cannot be stopped. However, traditional markets are not just another distribution system but also a valuable resource that encapsulates the local people's tradition and history. Thus, a revitalization strategy for traditional public markets has become an urgent task in contemporary urban regeneration projects. This study aimed to find ways to activate traditional public markets by making it a community landmark based on visual merchandising perspectives. Research design and methodology - This study focused on analyzing Granville Island (Vancouver, Canada) as a role-model project for rejuvenating the traditional market. It investigated Granville Island both with walk-through evaluation and literature reviews. Results - We found that it has been developed not only to improve visual aspects, but also to promote cultural contents with high value added. For example, the developers maintained the visual elements that tell the original history of the site as an industrial factory. The renewal project had a balance between improving the outer look and creating attractive contents. The following are the merits of Granville Island that Korean traditional markets should note. First, they kept the whole area clean and hygienic. Second, merchants are well educated, business-savvy, and consumer-oriented. Third, the area's total environmental designs were done by professionals of a high caliber. Fourth, the city government and the merchants'association were collaborating well in their efforts to accommodate the changing needs of consumers. Conclusions - This study made the following suggestions as a conclusion. First, it will be a very powerful tool to rejuvenate the traditional market if we can discover unique cultural resources and develop them as cultural products, experiences, and events. Consumers of the 21st century have a strong tendency to consume not only material products, but also the experiences and memories attached to them. Second, in order to maintain the unique characteristics of traditional markets, fostering the viability of the merchants' association and local residents' society would be essential. Third, it is necessary to make the traditional market into a cultural place not only for the shopping patronage of local residents, but also for attracting tourists to increase sales. Finally, professional management and design approaches are needed in order to make the traditional market a pleasant space from a visual merchandising standpoint.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.82-87
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• 2007

태국에서 생산된 Pedigree사의 개 사료를 1개월 이상 섭취한 5마리의 개가 식욕절폐, 쇠약, 구토, 다음다뇨 증상을 보였으며 증상이 심한 개는 혈액성 설사와 저체온증을 보였다. 특징적인 임상병리학적 소견으로 BUN과 creatinine이 높았으며 일부의 개에서는 GGT, 무기인과 lipase가 높았으나 CBC는 특이적인 임상병리학적 소견이 없었다. 요분석에서는 혈뇨, 저비중뇨, 단백뇨와 calcium oxalate와 유사한 결정이 관찰되었다. 증상이 심한 두 마리는 폐사하였으며 나머지의 개는 사료의 변경과 보조요법에 의하여 점차 회복되었다. 전형적인 병리학적 소견은 신장에서 관찰되어 신장의 위축, 일부 사구체의 모세혈관 충혈, 세뇨관의 미만성 변성과 이영양성 석회화, 세뇨관의 괴사와 재생, 세뇨관 내강 내에 황갈색 판상 형광성 물질 또는 파편이 관찰되었다. 섭취한 사료와 동일한 개봉하지 않은 사료 내의 ochratoxin A와 citrinin의 농도를 분석한 결과 각각 372.8ppb와 8.3ppb가 검출되었다. 병력, 임상증상, 임상병리소견, 병리학적 소견 및 사료 내의 곰팡이독소의 분석을 통하여 ochratoxin A와 citrinin의 중독에 의한 신부전으로 최종진단을 내렸다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.135-140
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• 2006

Objectives : Polymorphisms of genes from glutathione Stransferases (GSTs) and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) have been associated with increased susceptibility to various cancers. Previous results showed that East Asians such as Koreans, Japanese and Chinese have a much higher frequency of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes and NAT2 rapid acetylator type. Therefore, we investigated the association between the polymorphic types of GSTs (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1) and NAT2 and the incidence of gastric cancer which is one of the most prevalent cancers among the East Asians. Methods : It was performed in a case-control study consisting of 238 healthy subjects and 108 cancer patients (54 distal and 54 proximal carcinomas). We also evaluated the association between GSTs and NAT2 and the risk factors for gastric cancer such as alcohol consumption, smoking, H. pylori infection, family history of gastric cancer, and tumor location. Results : In our study, the percentage of cases whose hometown was rural was higher than those of controls (odds ratio (OR) =2.88; 95% CI=1.72-4.76), and the frequency of the lower socio-economic status increased significantly in patients (OR=2.53; 95% CI=1.59-4.02). There was no significant difference in the GST polymorphic types between the cases and controls. However, NAT2 rapid or intermediate acetylator types were frequently detected in the cases with family history of gastric cancer (OR=1.92; 95% CI=1.79-26.0). Conclusions : These results suggest that the hometown and socio-economic status are important environmental factors for gastric carcinogenesis, and NAT2 polymorphic types could be associated with familial gastric carcinoma.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.272-286
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• 2019

전해오는 전설에 의하면 인류 최초의 치즈는 양의 위를 가지고 만든 주머니에 우유를 담아 사막을 횡단하던 아라비아 상인에 의해 발견된 것으로 전해오고 있다. 기원전 9,500년경부터 메소포타미아의 비옥한 초승달 지대에 살던 농부들은 인류의 문명만큼이나 오래된 치즈라는 유산을 남기게 되었다. 우리나라 최초의 치즈는 1964년 임실성당 주임신부로 부임한 지정환 신부에 의해서 1968년 제조에 성공한 까망베르 치즈이다. 이후 지정환 신부는 1970년 모짜렐라 치즈, 1972년 체다치즈를 생산, 유통 시킴으로서 한국 치즈산업 발전의 토대를 만들었다. 이후 1980년대 후반 슬라이스 형태의 가공치즈가 출시 됨에 따라 다양한 가공치즈 제품들이 생산되기 시작하였다. 2000년대에는 웰빙 트렌드에 힘입어 유기농 치즈와 다양한 기능성 성분을 첨가한 기능성 가공치즈의 전성기를 맞이하게 된다. 국산 자연치즈(숙성치즈)는 2004년 까망베르와 브리 치즈가 출시됨으로서 본격적인 숙성치즈 시대를 열게 되었다. 최근의 치즈 소비 트렌드는 진품치즈, 강렬한 풍미, 세련된 스낵치즈 및 전통적인 방식으로 제조한 치즈를 선호하며 음식점에서 인기 있는 치즈는 모짜렐라, 파르메산, 체다, 프로볼로네 및 페타 치즈 등이다. 현재 우리나라는 수입치즈의 영향으로 자연치즈 생산량은 감소, 가공치즈 생산량은 증가 추세에 있으며 전체적인 소비량 역시 매년 증가 추세이다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.274-282
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• 1993

연구배경 : 국내에서 폐흡충의 발생은 과거에 비하여는 현저하게 감소되었으나, 국내의 일부 가정에서 감염된 민물게로 게장을 만들어 먹음으로 아직도 이 질환이 산발적으로 발생되고 있는 실정이다. 환자 진단시 그 환자와 같이 음식을 먹은 병력이 있는 가족 구성원들도 역시 이환 가능성이 높으므로 비록 그 당시 증상이 없더라도 이들에 대한 검사 및 치료도 중요하다고 사료된다. 방법 : 폐흡충증으로 확진된 환자 74예를 대상으로 환자의 성별 및 연령분포, 과거력 및 임상증상, 검사실 소견, 방사선학적 소견등을 분석하였으며, 치료후에도 추적이 가능하였던 13예의 환자에서는 특이 항체(ELISA)의 변동을 관찰하였다. 또 가족적으로 진단된 가족 구성원들간의 임상증세 및 방사선학적 소견등에 유사성이 있는지 여부를 확인하여 보았다. 결과 : 남녀비는 약 2.2:1 이었다. 가장 많은 연령층은 40~49세였다. 민물게장을 먹은 병력은 총 대상 환자 중 58예 (78%)에서는 뚜렷하였고, 7예(10%)에서는 불명확하였으나, 9예(12%)에서는 이를 먹은 기억은 없다고 하였다. 내원시 환자의 증상은 63예(85%)에서는 호흡기 증상을 호소하였고, 11예(15%)에서는 호흡기 증상은 없었다. 폐흡충 충란은 피검예 74예중 29예(39%)에서 발견되었으며 45예(61%)는 충란을 발견하지는 못하였다. 환자 74예중 53예(72%)에서 비정상적인 흉부 X-선소견을 보였고, 21예(28%)에서는 정상 소견으로 판독되었다. 흉부 X-선의 비정상적인 소견중 폐실질성 병변은 40예(75%), 늑막성 변화는 33예(63%)에서 관찰되었다. 결론 : 폐흡충증으로 확진된 7예의 환자들의 가족에서 환자와 함께 민물게장등의 음식을 먹은 가족구성원 13예에 모두에서 피내반응검사와 혈청 특이항체 양성소견을 보여, 이들이 환자와 같이 폐흡충증에 이환되었음을 확인하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.4429-4436
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• 2014

Background: Although the nutritional may exert effect on the breast cancer risk, it is not clear whether the role diet is the same in sedentary and physically active women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between fruit, vegetable and carbohydrate intake and the risk of breast cancer among Polish women considering their physical activity level. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted that included 858 women with histological confirmed breast cancer and 1,085 controls, free of any cancer diagnosis, aged 28-78 years. The study was based on a self-administered questionnaire to ascertain physical activity, dietary intake, sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive factors, family history of breast cancer, current weight and high, and other lifestyle factors. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated in unconditional logistic regression analyses including a broad range of potential confounders. Results: With comparison of the highest vs lowest quartile of intake, strong significant associations were observed for total vegetables (OR=0.37, 95%CI=0.20-0.69 P for trend <0.01 and OR=0.53, 95%CI=0.29-0.96, P for trend <0.02), and total fruits (OR=0.47, 95%CI=0.25-0.87, P for trend <0.05 and OR=0.47, 95%CI=0.24-0.90, P for trend <0.02) among women characterized by the lowest and the highest quartile of physical activity. No associations were observed for total carbohydrate intake. Additional analysis showed a positive association for sweets and desert intake among women in the lowest quartile of physical activity (OR=3.49, 95%CI=1.67-7.30, P for trend <0.009) for extreme quartiles of intake comparing to the referent group. Conclusions: The results suggest that a higher consumption of vegetable and fruit may be associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer, especially among women who were low or most physically active throughout their lifetimes. These findings do not support an association between diet high in carbohydrate and breast cancer. However, a higher intake of sweets and deserts may by associated with an increased risk of breast cancer among women who were less physically active.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.23-38
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• 2017

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical prognostic factors affecting facial palsy in 98 idiopathic facial palsy patients who were hospitalized and treated in 2015, using retrospective statistical analysis. Methods : We investigated patients with idiopathic facial nerve palsy, admitted to a Korean medical hospital in 2015, and examined patients' variables and therapeutic variables. For analysis of clinical data, an independent sample t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and simple regression analysis were performed using IBM SPSS version 24.0. Results : 1. The initial degree of facial palsy showed statistical significance with age. The older the age, the more severe the initial palsy. 2. Following treatment degree of facial palsy was statistically significant with age, hypertension, and fasting blood sugar (FBS). The higher the value, the slower the recovery from facial palsy. There was a statistical significance with the number of treatments in a Korean medical hospital. The more frequent the treatment, the faster the facial palsy recovery. 3. Degree of facial palsy after 12 months was statistically significant with age, hypertension, diabetes, FBS, and the initial severity of facial palsy. The higher the value, the slower the facial palsy recovery. 4. Sex, left or right sided palsy, alcohol consumption, smoking, history of facial palsy, season of onset, total number of treatments and bio chemistry (BC), complete blood cell count (CBC), urinalysis (UA) factors had no statistical significance with prognosis of facial palsy. Conclusion : Age, season of onset, hypertension, diabetes, FBS, initial severity of facial palsy, and the number of treatments at a Korean medical hospital showed statistical significance. The number of treatments at the Korean medical hospital positively correlated with facial palsy prognosis, and the others variables showed a negative correlation with facial palsy prognosis.