• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.566-575
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• 2007

The purpose of this research was to understand how individuals reflect on the frequency and quantity of foods that they consume. Participants selected 5 males and 15 females aged 30 years or older were first interviewed on the frequency of their food consumption. Then based on this data, they were given a cognitive interview using the method of verbal proving. The individual cognitive interviews were recorded with consent while being conducted after complete approval by the Seoul National University Institution Review Board. The recorded material was evaluated using a thematic analysis after transcribing them into text. By analyzing stages of reflection, the major barriers to make the device difficult are revealed: 1) More difficulty in remembering events over the course of a full year due to diversification in the types of food that people consume 2) difficulty calculating the average for seasonal foods 3) difficulty estimating the amount of consumption from the photos presented 4) difficulty estimating amount of consumption from the quantity presented 5) difficulty processing foods that people think are healthy and foods are unhealthy simultaneously 6) difficulty having to consider foods where target food goes in as an ingredient; 7) difficulties arising from having to increase frequency when the amount consumed is higher than the quantity that is presented 8) difficulty having to combine the frequency and quantity of each food item when numerous foods are clustered into one category. These findings show that the less participants were involved in cooking, the more diverse their eating habits were, and the more they tried to adhere to rules of filling out the questionnaire, the more it was difficult for them to come up with an answer to the question being asked. It therefore seems necessary to construct a Food Frequency questionnaire that is attentive to these problems that arise from the recall stages.

• 한국정보통신설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신설비학회 2007년도 학술대회
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• pp.235-237
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• 2007

Concerns on environmental issues and global warming are increasing worldwide. Environmental regulations such as Tokyo Protocol, RoHS, WEEE are also getting harder and harder and used as trade barriers. Different from other manufacturing industries, information and communication industry is basically environment friendly-low emission of harmful materials and little consumption of energy. But information and communication industry can contribute to world environment by recycle articles in disuse and properly process discarded trash. Furthermore, by using more renewable energy, it can reduce the $CO_2$ emission, one of the major the green house gas.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2008

Negative environmental consequences of fossil fuels and the concerns about their soaring prices have spurred the search for alternative energy sources. While other alternative energies-like solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, and tidal-offer viable options for electricity generation, around 40% of total energy consumption requires liquid fuels like gasoline or diesel fuel. This is where bio-energy/biofuels is especially attractive, where they can serve as a practical alternative to oil. The production of liquid biofuels for transportation will depend upon a stable supply of large amount of inexpensive cellulosic biomass obtained on a sustainable basis. This paper reviewed development status of transportation bio-energy for vehicles, technical barriers to the production of cellulosic ethanol, and the global future of bio-diesel and ethanol production.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.124-142
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• 2016

Companies operating in social network platforms continue to improve and expand their marketing techniques. This study examines the practice of "gating", which involves virtual barriers between social network users and company content. Gates demand mandatory user endorsements, in the form of a Facebook "Likes", Twitter "retweets" etc., to gain access to company content, such as coupons and rewards,. Gating practices demand a mandatory endorsement before any content consumption takes place. Thus, while user endorsements are assumed to arise voluntarily from trusted known sources, gating practices would appear to violate this assumption. However, whether this violation lessens the effectiveness of gating practices still requires empirical validation. We investigate this question through the use of a unique panel data set that includes data on "like" endorsements obtained from a number of real-world Facebook business pages. Results of the study show that gating practices are effective for endorsement solicitation; however, gates may interfere with more traditional marketing activities.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.123-132
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• 2014

Purpose - Recently, Korean companies have been struggling to perform well in the larger smartphone market in China, which is regarded as a blue ocean area. First, it is very important to accurately understand the Chinese consumers, who have a different consumption culture and value system from the Korean culture and system. This would help to identify priorities for the Chinese market. Further, considering the smartphone industry, where technological change is rapid, Korean companies will need to take prompt measures about market trends in order to establish strong competitiveness. Consequently, this study focused on analyzing the relationship between the variables of consumption value, satisfaction, and loyalty in the Chinese smartphone market. The principal dimensions of consumption value, which smartphones have, was analyzed, and the influence on satisfaction was identified. Moreover, the relationship among the variables of satisfaction, attitudinal loyalty, and behavioral loyalty was empirically analyzed. Research design, data, and methodology - This study examined the relationships between various consumption values (functional value, emotional value, social value, epistemic value, and economic value), along with satisfaction and loyalty. The data were collected through a questionnaire survey that was circulated to 310 customers who were users of smartphones in Chingdao and Yeontae regions in China. The survey was conducted from June 23 to August 4, 2013. A total of 301 responses to the questionnaires were collected and used for the data analysis. Moreover, a path analysis based on Lisrel 8.54 was used for the hypothesis test. Results - The variables of functional value, emotional value, social value, and epistemic value were revealed to have positive effects on satisfaction related to smartphone usage. However, the variables of monetary cost and psychological cost were not found to have negative effects on satisfaction related to smartphone usage. Moreover, satisfaction positively influenced attitudinal loyalty related to smartphone usage, but did not have a significant influence on behavioral loyalty related to smartphone usage. Specifically, satisfaction is essential, but not a sufficient condition for building behavioral loyalty in relation to smartphone usage. In addition, attitudinal loyalty positively influenced behavioral loyalty in relation to smartphone usage. Conclusions - First, this study shows that functional value, emotional value, social value, and epistemic value in relation to smartphone usage are important for marketing in the Chinese smartphone market. Particularly, functional value and emotional value play pre-eminent roles as regards customer loyalty in the use of smartphones. Second, the results of this study reveal that the variables of monetary cost and psychological cost are not important to the Chinese consumers. Specifically, the smartphone price and cognitive effort are not perceived as value barriers. Third, satisfaction did not guarantee behavioral loyalty in relation to smartphone usage, and the strategic approach for improving the repurchase and referral action in relation to smartphones based on solid attitudinal loyalty would be desirable and should be the focus of the marketing activities of Korean smartphone companies.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.211-231
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• 2002

This paper summarizes the results of a study that assess how a demand side management (DSM) system addresses key economic and environmental challenges facing in the Korean natural gas sector considering; ${\bullet}$ high discrepancies of seasonal consumption volume and of load factor in unmatured domestic LNG market, ${\bullet}$ unfavorable and volatile international LNG market, imposing with the contestable "take-or-pay" contract terms, ${\bullet}$ low profile of LNG and existence of market barriers against an optimal fuel mix status in the industrial energy sector. A particular focus of this study is to establish an 'extended' DSM system in the unmatured gas market, especially in industry sector, that could play a key role to assure an optimum fuel mix scheme. Under the concept of 'extended' DSM, a system dynamics modeling approach has been introduced to explore the option to maximize economic benefits in terms of the national energy system optimization, entailing different ways of commitments accounting for different DSM measures and time delay scenarios. The study concludes that policy options exist that can reduce inefficiencies in gas industry and end-use system at no net costs to national economy. The most scenarios find that, by the year 2015, it is possible to develop a substantial potential of increased industrial gas end-uses under more reliable and stable load patterns. Assessment of sensitivity analysis suggests that time delay factor, in formulating DSM scenarios, plays a key role to overcome various market barriers in domestic LNG market and provides a strong justification for the policy portfolios 'just in time' (time accurateness), which eventually contribute to establish an optimum fuel mix strategy. The study indicates also the needs of advanced studies based on SD approach to articulate uncertainty in unmatured energy market analysis, including gas.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.53-63
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was performed to examine motivational factors affecting sweetness preference in Korean and Japanese children. We identified meaningful variables that could be targeted to nutrition education interventions designed to overcome innate barriers and reduce sweetness preference and sweet food intake in Korean and Japanese children. Methods: Questionnaire surveys and sweetness preference test were conducted to examine variables affecting behavioral intention (BI) regarding sweetness preference. Questionnaire variables were based on the theory of planned behavior. Participants were recruited from one urban school from each country. In total, 166 children (mean age: 8.4 years) and their guardians (n = 166) participated in the study. A trained research assistant provided all children with personal guidance regarding completion of the sweetness preference test and survey questionnaire at school. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficients, t tests, repeated measure ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression analysis (significance level: p < 0.05). Results: Perceived behavioral control (PBC) and parenting practice were significantly associated with BI in both groups. Motivation to comply affected BI only in Japanese children, whereas affective attitude was associated with BI only in Korean children. In predicting sweetness preference, BI was associated only in Japanese children, whereas sweets consumption frequency had a significant effect in Korean children. Conclusion: The study shows similarities and differences in motivational factors, which could be considered when developing nutrition education programs in Korea and Japan. PBC and parenting practice were common factors in predicting BI. In predicting sweetness preference, BI had a significant effect on Japanese children, whereas sweets consumption frequency was the greatest contributor in Korean children.

• CRM연구
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2009

본 연구는 소비자의 외국음식전문점 이용행동을 밝히기 위해 소비자의 특성 및 외국음식전문점 이용접근성, 제품특성, 사회적 요인이 외국음식전문점에 대한 태도에 영향을 미치며, 후속하여 외국음식전문점 이용태도가 향후외국음식 이용의사에 미치는 영향을 인과관계의 틀에서 검증하였다. 이를 위해 국내에서 외국음식을 먹어본 경험이 있는 소비자를 대상으로 약 한달 동안 조사를 실시하였다. 총 230부를 배포하여 215부를 회수하였으나 이중 불성실한 응답으로 분석대상으로 적합하지 않는 자료 5부를 제외한 210부를 최종분석에 사용하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 소비자의 라이프스타일 중 미각추구형은 주관적 규범 및 이용태도 모두에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났으나 유행추구형은 이들 모두에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 소비자의 다양성추구성향은 주관적 규범에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났으나 외국음식전문점 이용태도에는 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 외국음식 문화와 관련된 다양성추구성향은 타인에게 영향을 받기보다는 개인적 성향으로 인한 결과로 이해된다. 셋째, 외국음식전문점의 이용접근성이 주관적 규범에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 외국음식전문점을 이용하는데 있어 접근성이 용이할수록 주변사람들의 영향으로 이용가능성이 높음을 시사하고 있다. 반면에 외국음식에 대한 소비자의 생소함이나 이용에 대한 부담감으로 인해 직접 체험하지 않는 상황에서는 접근이 용이하더라도 직접적 태도형성이 이루어지지 않음을 보여주고 있다. 넷째, 외국음식의 민족적 고유성이 주관적 규범에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났으나 외국음식전문점의 이용태도에는 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 소비자의 주관적 규범이 외국음식전문점의 이용태도와 향후 외국음식전문점 이용의사 모두에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 외국음식전문점 이용태도가 향후 외국음식 이용의사에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 소비자의 외국음식전문점 이용을 촉진시키기 위해서는 우선적으로 긍정적 태도가 형성될 수 있도록 하는 것이 효과적임을 보여주고 있다.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.463-475
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• 2001

The purpose of the study was to examine if individual characteristics and experiences related to smoking behavior identified from the literature were significantly associated with behavior-specific cognitions and affect in the same way as presented in Pender's Revised Health Promotion Model(Pender, 1996). The subjects selected for this study were 400 college students enrolled in more than 10 colleges located in Seoul and Kyunggi-Inchon province. According to the study results, personal factors (i.e., perceived health status, the past history of disease, and symptoms related to smoking) and related behavior (i.e., the degree of alcohol consumption, and exercise) are significantly associated with behavior-specific cognitions and affect (i.e., perceived barriers to smoking cessation, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived benefits of smoking cessation). The canonical correlation between two groups of variables was .59, and it turned out to be statistically significant. Thirty-four percent of variance of the relationship between two group of variables was explained by two canonical variates which turned out to be significant in the study results. The result could be interpreted from the view of psycho-social area as follows: overall, this study includes important variables which explain the association between two groups of variables.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2007

Phase separation and low cetane number are the main barriers to the large-scale use of ethanol-diesel blend fuel on small diesel engines. In this paper, an additive package is designed on the basis of the blended fuel properties to overcome these limitations. The experiments show that the solubility of ethanol in diesel is evidently increased by adding $1{\sim}2%$ (in volume) of the additive package and the flammability of ethanol-diesel blend fuel with the additive has reached the neat diesel level under the cold start conditions. Effects of the ethanol content in diesel on fuel economy, combustion characteristics, and emission characteristics are also investigated with the ethanol blend ratios of 10%, 20% and 30%. The increase in ethanol content shows that the specific fuel consumption and the brake thermal efficiency are both gradually increased compared to neat diesel. The soot concentrations of the three blended fuels are all greatly lower than that of neat diesel. $NO_x$ emission is increased with an increase in the engine load and is reduced with the increase in the ethanol blend ratio under a high load.