• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 1996

Recently, significant attention is given to the wastewater treatment using Constructed wetland. This is because the wetland system is a kind of natural taeatment system, simple to maintain and it has relatively fewer technical difficulty. Thus, it would be a practical method to employ especially in rural area in Korea. In this paper, the authors dscuss the design criteria of construted wetland developed in USA as an initial feasibility study to adopt it in Korea. We discuss about especially types of vegetation, natural succession and management, planting techniques, seeding teckniques and management after censtruction.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.185-195
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• 2014

Despite the enormous technical and economic efforts to improve environmental conditions, currently about 40% of the global population (or 2 billion people) are still lack access to safe water supply and adequate sanitation facilities. Pollution problems and transmission of water- related diseases will continue to proliferate. The rapid population growth and industrialization will lead to a reduction of arable land, thus exacerbating the food shortage problems and threatening environmental sustainability. Natural systems in this context are a transdisciplinary approach which employs the activities of microbes, soil and/or plants in waste stabilisation and resource recovery without the aid of mechanical or energy-intensive equipments. Examples of these natural systems are: waste stabilisation ponds, aquatic weed ponds, constructed wetlands and land treatment processes. Although they require relatively large land areas, the natural systems could achieve a high degree of waste stabilisation and at the same time, yield potentials for waste recycling through the production of algal protein, fish, crops, and plant biomass. Because of the complex interactions occurring in the natural systems, the existing design procedures are based mainly on empirical or field experience approaches. An integrated kinetic model encompassing the activities of both suspended and biofilm bacteria and some important engineering parameters has been developed which could predict the organic matter degradation in the natural systems satisfactorily.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.168-181
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• 2024

Constructed wetlands (CWs) deliver a range of ecosystem services, including the removal of contaminants, sequestration and storage of carbon, and enhancement of biodiversity. These services are facilitated through hydrological and ecological processes such as infiltration, adsorption, water retention, and evapotranspiration by plants and microorganisms. This study investigated the correlations between microbial populations, soil physicochemical properties, and treatment efficiency in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSF CW) treating runoff from roads and parking lots. The methods employed included storm event monitoring, water quality analysis, soil sampling, soil quality parameter analysis, and microbial analysis. The facility achieved its highest pollutant removal efficiencies during the warm season (>15℃), with rates ranging from 33% to 74% for TSS, COD, TN, TP, and specific heavy metals including Fe, Zn, and Cd. Meanwhile, the highest removal efficiency was 35% for TOC during the cold season (≤15℃). These high removal rates can be attributed to sedimentation, adsorption, precipitation, plant uptake, and microbial transformations within the CW. Soil analysis revealed that the soil from HSSF CW had a soil organic carbon content 3.3 times higher than that of soil collected from a nearby landscape. Stoichiometric ratios of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in the inflow and outflow were recorded as C:N:P of 120:1.5:1 and 135.2:0.4:1, respectively, indicating an extremely low proportion of N and P compared to C, which may challenge microbial remediation efficiency. Additionally, microbial analyses indicated that the warm season was more conducive to microorganism growth, with higher abundance, richness, diversity, homogeneity, and evenness of the microbial community, as manifested in the biodiversity indices, compared to the cold season. Pollutants in stormwater runoff entering the HSSF CW fostered microbial growth, particularly for dominant phyla such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, which have shown moderate to strong correlations with specific soil properties and changes in influent-effluent concentrations of water quality parameters.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.379-388
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• 2014

A sewage was treated using a serially combined vertical(VFCW) and horizontal flow double media (sand and zeolite for VFCW and sand and waste oyster-shell for HFCW) reed constructed wetland(HFCW) with intermittent feeding (see Fig. 1). The sewage was fed into the reed constructed wetland for 10 minutes every 6 hours at the hydraulic load of $314L/m^2{\cdot}day$. The summarized results were as follows: pH values in the effluent depended very heavily on oyster-shell height filled in the HFCW. They were maintained at less than pH 6.24 when the height of the oyster-shell layer was 200 mm. Influent DO(oxygen demand) values(average 0.19 mg/L) were increased in the VFCW(average 7.65 mg/L) and decreased again in the HFCW(average 6.49 mg/L). They were higher in the winter than in the summer. The OTR(oxygen transfer rate) was $57.15g\;O_2/m^2{\cdot}day$ in the VFCW and $5.65g\;O_2/m^2{\cdot}day$ in the HFCW. The removal efficiency of $NH_4{^+}$-N was 80.17%(6.01 $NH_4{^+}$-N mg/L in the effluent). It was lower than that in the case where only zeolite was filled in the reed constructed wetland. But it was expected that treated sewage effluent using a double media reed constructed wetland with 300 mm zeolite layer could stably meet the Korean treated sewage effluent standard(20 mg T-N/L). Average removal efficiencies were SS 88.09%, BOD 88.12%, $COD_{Cr}$ 83.11%, $COD_{Mn}$ 85.58%, T-N 57.21%, $NH_4{^+}$-N 80.17%, T-P 86.73%. Nearly, The concentration of $NO_3{^-}$-N in the effluent of the VFCW was decreased in that of the HFCW. More than half of T-N in the effluent was $NO_3{^-}$-N(7.92 mg/L) but the concentration of $NO_2{^-}$-N in the effluent was average 0.90 mg/L. The removal efficiencies of T-P were 93.24%, 86.30% and 55.44% at the height of the oyster-shell-filled constructed wetland of 800 mm, 500 mm and 200 mm, respectively and therefore, they were proportional to oyster-shell height filled in the HFCW.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.575-578
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• 2003

Constructed wetlands have become a popular technology for treating contaminated surface and wastewater. In this study, the field experiment to reduce nonpoint source pollution from watershed runoff during rainy day using wetland and pond. TSS and T-N removal rate of wetland-pond system and pond-wetland system was 91% and 73%, 94% and 70%, respectively and values were same range. $BOD_5$ and T-P removal rate of pond-wetland system (38% and 78%) was higher than wetland-pond system (27% and 62%). overall, pond-wetland system is more useful than wetland-pond system to control NPS.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.214-220
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• 2004

The microcosm type wetland systems were constructed in order to treat wastewater contaminated with parathion. The microcosm reactor consisted of marsh and pond type. The experiment was carried out using batch (marsh or pond) and continuous (marsh-pond and pond-marsh type) systems. In the batch reactor, marsh-type wetland completely removed parathion in water within 8 days, while pond reactor removed 97% of parathion during the same period. During parathion degradation, the amount of 4-nitrophenol production, one of the metabolites from parathion degradation, was higher in marsh-type batch reactor. In the continuous systems, both marsh-pond and pond-marsh combination systems effectively removed parathion from water, and the production of 4-nitrophenol was also minimal. In the extraction experiment, the parathion and its metabolite were not found in the wetland soil and the plant. In order to achieve both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the continuous wetland system combining marsh and pond type can be the alternative for the non-point source pollutants such as parathion pesticide.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.95-106
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• 2009

The Shihwa constructed wetland was established for the treatment of severely poluted water from Banwoul, Donghwa and Samhwa streams. This study was focused on investigating the structure of epiphytic diatom communities on reed (Phragmites communis) planting area at Banwoul high wetland (3 stations) and low wetland (3 stations) from March to October 2005. The concentration of T-N of inlet stations from the streams were decreased by flowed through the wetland, but the concentration of T-P were increased at outflow part. Epiphytic diatoms on the reed were a total 109 taxa which were composed of 103 species, 5 varieties, 1 unidentified species. The standing crops were rapidly decreasing tendency from spring to autumn but chlorophyll-a concentration were showed a very irregulated changes. Dominant species were 6 taxa which were Achnanthes minutissima in the early investigation, and were changed to the genus Navicula and the genus Nitzschia in the summer. DAIpo were ranged the values of $20.2{\sim}51$, which were mesosaprobic states at the high wetland and ranged the values of $12.4{\sim}52$, which were polysaprobic to mesosaprobic states at the low wetland. TDI were ranged the values of $28.8{\sim}94.5$, which were oligotrophic to eutrophic state at the high wetland and ranged the values of $33.3{\sim}89.7$ which were mesotrophic to eutrophic states at the low wetland. The healthy assessment (DAIpo and TDI) of water ecosystem were showed clean-bad from spring to autumn. These epiphytic diatom communities were determinated by the biological factor such as the growth of reed and the physical factors such as water temperature, light penetration and SS and so on.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.24-29
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• 2002

Nitrate removal rate in three cattail wetland cells was investigated. They were a part of a pond-wetland system for stream water treatment demonstration. The system was composed of two ponds and six wetland cells. The acreage of each cell was approximately $150m^2$. The earth works for the system were finished from April 2000 to May 2000 and cattails were planted in the three cells in June 2000. Waters of Sinyang Stream flowing into Kohung Estuarine Lake were pumped into a primary pond, whose effluent was discharged into a secondary pond. The reservoir was formed by a tidal marsh reclamation project and located in southern coastal area of Korean Peninsula. Effluents from the secondary pond were funneled into the three cells. Volumes and water quality of inflow and outflow were analyzed from July 2000 through January 2001. Inflow and outflow averaged $20.2m^3/day$ and $19.8m^3/day$, respectively. Hydraulic retention time was about 1.6 days. Average influent and effluent nitrate concentration was $1.98mg/{\ell}$, $1.38mg/{\ell}$, respectively. Nitrate removal rate averaged $82.6mg\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$. Seasonal changes of nitrate retention rates were closely related to those of wetland cell temperatures. The average nitrate removal rate in the cells was a little lower, compared with that of $125.0mg\;m^{-2}\;day^{-1}$ for the wetlands operating in North America. This could be attributed to the initial stage of the cells and inclusion of three cold months into the seven-month study period. Root rhizosphere in wetland soils and litter-soil layers on cell bottoms could not developed. Increase of standing density of cattails within a few years will establish both root zones suitable for the nitrification of ammonia to nitrates and substrates beneficial to the denitrification of nitrates into nitrogen gases, which may lead to increase of the nitrate retention rate.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.21 no.spc
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• pp.117-122
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• 2019

City parks play an important role in reducing the air pollution and mitigating the city heat island effect caused by global warming. However, from July 2020, restricted parks over 20-year will be partially lifted due to sunset regulation on parks. As a result, the government and local governments have been making efforts to revitalize parks, such as creating ecological parks and securing park sites. However, building winds generated by high-rise buildings constructed around ecological parks in the city may cause discomfort to pedestrians and threaten the ecosystems of plants and animal that live in ecological parks. There are no clearly proposed as standards for wind environment assessment in Korea, but also it has been rarely studied on pedestrian wind environment. In this study, wind environment studies have been reviewed to find the important parameters related to wind environment assessment. Further, wind climate analysis using wind data obtained by Seoul meterological station was performed to examine the possibility of applicability of the wind environment assessment on the city ecological parks.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.71-80
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• 2009

Due to the various characteristics of urban river, rehabilitation project for natural river requires distinct alternative approach and selection method for each different types of river. In this study, naturalness of a river was used to establish such alternative for the business and rehabilitation plan for natural river. To assess the naturalness of a river, through AHP, designed to fit the environmental conditions in Korea, was employed. Furthermore, a method that conveniently compares and selects an alternative for rehabilitation plan for natural river by referencing Urban River Basin Enhancement Methods (URBEM) was proposed. After selecting the evaluation items for assessing the naturalness of the river based on the characteristics of the river, multiple alternatives were constructed and the naturalness of river for each of those alternatives were estimated. Comparing the estimated values has made the measurement of the natural recovery effect and the product of river rehabilitation plan for each alternative efficient. In conclusion, selecting the items for evaluating the naturalness of a river with respect to its characteristics was found to be effective for establishing the rehabilitation plan for natural river.