• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.87-98
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• 2020

The bird track fossil site in Haman Formation is divided into seven sedimental layers by the sedimentary structures, lithofacies and sequences. The bird tracks top on the highest layer, which includes ripple marks and suncracks. The layer has lithofacies with reddish grey siltstone and dark grey mudstone, alternately. As an analysis for the same rocks of the fossil site, physical properties show on mean values for 0.62% of absorption rate, 1.64% of porosity and 2.63 of specific gravity. Rock-forming minerals composed mainly of plagioclase, quartz, calcite, chlorite and mica. Meanwhile, we executed an experiments based on the petrography and weatherings to find a proper consolidants. In the experiments, the OH 100 reagent proved stable aspect and the lowest transition rate in terms of weight and chromaticity. Also, it showed the highest increase in ultrasonic velocity, improving the physical properties of the rocks. In the case of applying the OH 100 with antihygro, an swelling inhibitors on the sedimentary rocks, the chromaticity indicated an stable transition aspect. When it comes to the physical properties, the antihygro also decreases the porosity effectively. Thus, the most proper method for the fossil site of Haman Formation is to apply antihygro and OH 100 reagents since the rocks includes clay minerals that show swelling characteristics. However, this result is deduced from an indoor application experiments, leaving the necessity of verification how these reagents would affect the bird tracks site under the field condition.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.604-608
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• 2004

A 47-year-old-man was admitted to the emergency department with dyspnea, right pleuritic pain, and high fevers for 3 days. He had a nonproductive cough that exacerbated the chest pain. A clinical examination revealed distressed and slightly tachypneic patient, with blood pressure of 110/90 mmHg, temperature of $39^{\circ}C$, pulse of 90 beats/min, respiratory rate of 24 breaths/min. A chest examination showed significantly diminished breath sounds in the right lung with dullness to percussion. Laboratory investigation demonstrated leukocytosis and a raised C-reactive protein. The results of arterial blood gas analysis revealed moderate hypoxemia. A radiograph and a CT scan of the chest showed extensive consolidation with multifocal low densities, and pleural effusion in the right lung. A diagnostic thoracentesis revealed straw-colored fluid, which was found to be a neutrophil-predominant exudate. At 7 days after admission, the clinical symptoms had not improved and the temperature was still $39^{\circ}C$ despite the aggressive therapy of community-acquired pneumonia. After comprehensive history taking, we realized then that he accidentally aspirated kerosene while siphoning from fuel tank to put into the boiler 3 days ago. Bronchoscopy with bronchial washings could be successful in establishing the diagnosis of hydrocarbon pneumonitis by demonstration of a high lipid-laden macrophage index. Thereafter, the symptoms and radiographic opacities gradually improved, and he was discharged several days later.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.187-194
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• 2012

The strength of particle-reinforced metal matrix composites is, in general, known to be increased by the geometrically necessary dislocations punched around a particle that form during cooling after consolidation because of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the particle and the matrix. An additional strength increase may also be observed, since another type of geometrically necessary dislocation can be formed during extensive deformation as a result of the strain gradient plasticity due to the elastic-plastic mismatch between the particle and the matrix. In this paper, the magnitudes of these two types of dislocations are calculated based on the dislocation plasticity. The dislocations are then converted to the respective strengths and allocated hierarchically to the matrix around the particle in the axisymmetric finite-element unit cell model. The proposed method is shown to be very effective by performing finite-element strength analysis of $SiC_p$/Al2124-T4 composites that included ductile failure in the matrix and particlematrix decohesion. The predicted results for different particle sizes and volume fractions show that the length scale effect of the particle size obviously affects the strength and failure behavior of the particle-reinforced metal matrix composites.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.2717-2722
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• 2013

Background: The objective of this research is the computed axial tomography (CT) imaging grading of radiation induced pneumonitis (RP) and its correlation with clinical and radiotherapeutic parameters. Materials and Methods: The chest CT films of 20 patients with non-small cell lung cancer who have undergone threedimensional conformal radiation therapy were reviewed. The proposed CT grading of RP is supported on solely radiological diagnosis criteria and distinguishes five grades. The manifestation of RP was also correlated with any positive pre-existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) history, smoking history, the FEV1 value, and the dosimetric variable V20. Results: The CT grading of RP was as follows: 3 patients (15%) presented with ground glass opacity (grade 1), 9 patients (45%) were classified as grade 2, 7 patients (35%) presented with focal consolidation, with or without elements of fibrosis (grade 3), and only one patient (5%) presented with opacity with accompanying atelectasis and loss of pulmonary volume (grade 4). Both univariate and multivariate analysis revealed as prognostic factors for the radiological grading of RP the reduction of FEV1 and the V20 (P=0.026 and P=0.003, respectively). There was also a significant (P<0.001) correlation of radiological grading of RP with FEV1 and V20 (spearman rho 0.92 and 0.93, respectively). Conclusions: The high correlation of the proposed radiological grading with the FEV1 and the V20 is giving a satisfactory clinical validity. Although the proposed grading scale seems relevant to clinical practice, further studies are needed for the confirmation of its validity and reliability.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.469-481
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• 2003

This study is to suggest strategies for the aquaculture of marine fishes in Korea through the analysis of current domestic states and case studies of the advanced countries to enhance the competitiveness of the industry. To reveal the current state, a questionnaire study to the producers was carried out, and cases in Norway, China, Japan, USA were analysed in terms of national development strategies. From those analyses, 3 strategies for the improvement of the competitive edge in the industry were induced as followings. First, it is necessary to implement restructuring such as upsizing through consolidation of small units, networking, etc. Second, it is required to introduce the state-of-the-art technology with the newly-designed equipments to save energy and cost in the operation. Third, it is also required to implement programs to select the national strategic species and concentrate R&D resources on the selected ones.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2003

Purpose: We analysis the outcome and complications of treatment of lesser toe brachymetatarsia. Materials and Methods: We analysed 28 patients 35 cases of lesser toe brachymetatarsia. Mean post operative follow up period was 2 years 8 months. All of the patients were female and mean age at operation was 21 years old. 2 cases of third metatasal bone and 33 cases of fourth metatarsal bone were operated. 8 metatarsal bones were treated using one staged lengthening with tricortical bone graft and 27 metatarsal bones were treated using callotasis with monofixator. Results: The average amount of lengthening was 13.3mm(12mm-15mm) in one staged lengthening, while 14.4mm(4mm-23mm) in callotasis. Average percentile increase was 28.9%(26%-34%) in one staged lengthening and 32%(18%-46%) in callotasis. The average healing index of callotasis was 76 days/cm (41 days/cm-166 days/cm). Satisfied outcomes in 4 cases of 8 cases (50%) after one staged lengthening and 17 cases of 27 cases (63%) after callotasis. 6 complications in 4 cases were occurred after one staged lengthening; insufficient length gain in 3 cases, fracture on the junction of graft bone and metatarsal bone in 1 case, plantar bowing deformity in 1 case and bony fusion of metatarsophalangeal joint in 1 case. 17 complications in 10 patients were occurred after callotasis ; metatarsophalangeal joint stiffness in 8 cases, metatarsophalangeal joint subluxation in 2 cases, overlengthened metatarsal bone in 2 cases, tapering of callus in 1 case, fracture of callus in 1 case, premature consolidation of callus in 1 case, osteomyelitis of metataral head in 1 case and plantar bowing deformity in 1 case. Conclusion: Although one staged lengthening and gradual lengthening using callotasis are effective treatment for lesser toe brachymetatarsia, complications not rarely occured after lengthening. Insufficient lengthening are most common complication after one staged lengthening while metatarsophalangeal joint stiffness lire most common complication after callotasis.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.363-380
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• 2015

The convergent education such as STEAM education has been implemented in the gifted education institutions in order to resolve the crisis of science and engineering fields caused by the science and engineering avoidance of excellent talents. The purpose of this study was to investigate awareness about science, mathematics and technology/ engineering fields of science gifted students. The subjects were 86 middle school science gifted students at the Science Institute for Gifted Students of a university located in metropolitan city in Korea. The data were collected from the survey that consists of 97 questions in 3 categories. The results were follows: First, the gifted students were aware that science was more interesting than mathematics or technology/engineering. Second, science rated highest in career choice. Third, they were aware that the scientists were more interesting, more imagination, less accuracy and less considering than the mathematicians and the engineers. In addition they responded that the mathematicians were smarter than the scientists and the engineers, and the engineers were more diligent than the scientists and the mathematicians. Finally, the result of the correlational analysis indicated that there were strong correlations between science and mathematics, and between science and technology/engineering. It was recommended that the consolidation of the convergent gifted education, the necessity of systemic career education, and the study of correlation between mathematics and technology/engineering.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.154-162
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• 1996

Purpose : Adenoviruses(Ad) have been shown to play an important role in the etiology of severely acute respiratory diseases, particulary in infants and young children, and the occurrence of fatal outcome and chronic pulmonary sequelae in association with adenoviral infection has been a cause of great interest and concern. This report presents the resul of a retrospective analysis on 30 cases of lower respiratory infection from which adenovirus was isolated. Patients & Methods : The 30 patients in this study represent all detected cases of adenovial infection out of 240 children who were admitted to Sang Sung Medical Center between February to June 1996 showing signs and symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection. The diagnosis of adenovirus infection was based on microscopic visualization of typical cytopathic effect in HEp-2 tissue culture and used monoclonal Ab with nasopharyngeal aspiration. Results : The male/female ratio was 2:1 and the majority of age range was below 36months. Clinical diagnoses in all 30 patients were pneumonia(n=21), bronchitis and Bronchiolitis(n=5) and ARDS(n=4). We recieved the most of patients in the month of May. The chief complaints were fever(93.3%) and cough(80%) and extrapulmonary symptoms were diarrhea(n=5), seizure(n=4), abdominal pain(n=1). The mean duration of fever was $11.95{\pm}6.54$days. Physical examination on admission were crackles(73.3%), coarse breathing sounds(60%), hepatosplenomegaly(33.3%), decreased brething sounds(30%). In WBC counts, 8cases were below $4000/mm^3$ and 14 cases were above $10,000/mm^3$. In platelets counts, 4cases were below $150,000/mm^3$ and 10 cases were above $450,000/mm^3$. 21 cases were above 1 in CRP. GOT and GPT were abnormal in some cases. Chest X-ray revealed diffuse pulmonary infiltration(n=15), pleural effusion(n=6), consolidation(n=4) and hyperaeration(n=3). Seven patients were treated at the peditric intensive care unit with respiratory support and high dose of gammaglobulin. However, one patients died even through he was treated with NO ventilation and high frequency ventilation. Conclusion : Those with adenoviral pneumonia and respiratory infection having long fever duration and symptoms like bacterial pneumonia must be carefully differentiated in order to provide proper treatement and preventive measures due to possible fatal outcome.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.105-115
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• 2012

The consolidants have been widely used for the consolidation of decaying heritage stone surfaces. In this study, X-ray diffraction analysis, polarized and stereo-microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to study the surface characterization of granite, sandstone and marble, and to assess the efficiency and the effects of the developed condolidants in the field. The developed consolidants used in this experiment are 100%1T1G and 3%40nm/97%1T1G. The effects of consolidants are 3%40nm/97%1T1G${\gg}$100%1T1G in granite, 3%40nm/97%1T1G>100%1T1G in sandstone, and 3%40nm/97% 1T1G=100%1T1G in marble. The characteristics of rock surface when treated with consolidants show different result according to consolidantes type. This result of treating with consolidant can be used for the conservation of an decaying heritage stone.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.115-124
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• 2004

Granular compaction pile has the load bearing capacity of the soft ground increase and has the settlement of foundation built on the reinforced soil reduce. The granular compaction group piles also have the consolidation of the soft ground accelerate and prevent the liquefaction caused by earthquake using the granular materials such as sand, gravel, stone etc. However, this method is not widely used in Korea. The granular compaction piles are constructed by grouping them with a raft system. The confining pressure at the center of bulging failure depth is a major variable in estimating the ultimate bearing capacity of the granular compaction piles. Therefore, a share of loading is determined considering the effect of load concentration ratio between the granular compaction piles and surrounding soils, and the variation of the magnitude of the confining pressure. In this study, a method for the determination of the ultimate bearing capacity is proposed to apply a change of the horizontal pressure considering bulging failure depth, surcharge, and loaded area. Also, the ultimate bearing capacity of the granular compaction pile is evaluated on the basis of previous study(Kim et al., 1998) on the estimation of the ultimate bearing capacity and compared with the results obtained from laboratory scale model tests and DEM numerical analysis using the PFC-2D program.