• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.279-289
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• 2019

Unlike other natural disasters, drought is a reoccurring and region-wide phenomenon after being triggered by a prolonged precipitation deficiency. Considering that remote sensing products provide consistent temporal and spatial measurements of precipitation, this study developed a remote sensing data-based drought outlook model. The meteorological drought was defined by the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) achieved from PERSIANN_CDR, TRMM 3B42 and GPM IMERG images. Bayesian networks were employed in this study to combine the historical drought information and dynamical prediction products in advance of drought outlook. Drought outlook was determined through a decision-making model considering the current drought condition and forecasted condition from the Bayesian networks. Drought outlook condition was classified by four states such as no drought, drought occurrence, drought persistence, and drought removal. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis were employed to measure the relative outlook performance with the dynamical prediction production, Multi-Model Ensemble (MME). The ROC analysis indicated that the proposed outlook model showed better performance than the MME, especially for drought occurrence and persistence of 2- and 3-month outlook.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.1739-1748
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• 2021

Objective: In recent years, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified in many species, and some of them have been shown to play important roles in muscle development and myogenesis. However, the differences in lncRNAs between Kazakh cattle and Xinjiang brown cattle remain undefined; therefore, we aimed to confirm whether lncRNAs are differentially expressed in the longissimus dorsi between these two types of cattle and whether differentially expressed lncRNAs regulate muscle differentiation. Methods: We used RNA-seq technology to identify lncRNAs in longissimus muscles from these cattle. The expression of lncRNAs were analyzed using StringTie (1.3.1) in terms of the fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads values of the encoding genes. The differential expression of the transcripts in the two samples were analyzed using the DESeq R software package. The resulting false discovery rate was controlled by the Benjamini and Hochberg's approach. KOBAS software was utilized to measure the expression of different genes in Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways. We randomly selected eight lncRNA genes and validated them by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: We found that 182 lncRNA transcripts, including 102 upregulated and 80 downregulated transcripts, were differentially expressed between Kazakh cattle and Xinjiang brown cattle. The results of RT-qPCR were consistent with the sequencing results. Enrichment analysis and functional annotation of the target genes revealed that the differentially expressed lncRNAs were associated with the mitogen-activated protein kinase, Ras, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3k)/Akt signaling pathways. We also constructed a lncRNA/mRNA coexpression network for the PI3k/Akt signaling pathway. Conclusion: Our study provides insights into cattle muscle-associated lncRNAs and will contribute to a more thorough understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying muscle growth and development in cattle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.975-980
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• 2020

Cervical neural foraminal stenosis is a very common spinal disease that affects a relatively large number of people of all ages. However, since imaging methods that quantitatively provide neural foraminal stenosis are lacking, this study attempts to present quantitative measurement results by reconstructing 3D computed tomography images. Using a 3D reconstruction software, the surrounding bones were removed, including the spinous process, transverse process, and lamina of the cervical spine so that the neural foramen were well observed. Using Image J, a region of interest including the neural foramen area of the 3D image was set, and the number of pixels of the neural foramen area was measured. The neural foramen area was calculated by multiplying the number of measured pixels by the pixel size. In order to measure the widest area of the neural foramen, it was measured between 40-50 degrees in the opposite direction and 15-20 degrees toward the head. The measured cervical neural foramen area showed consistent measurement values. The largest measured area of the right neural foramen C5-6 was 12.21 ㎟, and after 2 years, the area was measured to be 9.95 ㎟, indicating that 18% stenosis had progressed. Since 3D reconstruction using axial CT scan images, no additional radiation exposure is required, and the area of stenosis can be objectively presented. In addition, it is good to explain to patients with neural stenosis while viewing 3D images, and it is considered a good method to be used in the evaluation of the progression of stenosis and post-operative evaluation.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 2011

In order to assess the influences of bottom sediment on water quality, following measurement were made. (1) Estimations of pollutant loads from the bottom sediment based on mass balance concept, (2) measurements of pollutant concentrations in the sediment to assess the pollution level and influence potential, (3) in situ and laboratory measurements of Sediment Oxygen Demants (SOD) and pollutant load (sediment release) from bottom sediment. Analyses of inflow and outflow loadings using simple mass balance show that there are some variations found according to the pollutants. However, there is no consistent evidence that the sediment can be a source of pollutants. Pollutant concentrations in the sediment range 16~724.8 mg/kg (COD), 1.68 ~12.64 mg/kg (T-P), 5.6~76.8 mg/kg (T-N), 0.32~21.6 mg/kg ($NH_3$-N), 0.092~0.544 mg/kg ($NO_2$-N), 4.8~18.4 mg/kg ($NO_3$-N), and 1.59~11.23 mg/kg ($PO_4$-P). Measured SOD ranges $0.190{\sim}0.802g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ and measured release rate ranges $-1618.42{\sim}10mg/m^2{\cdot}d$(COD), $-12{\sim}16mg/m^2{\cdot}d$(T-P), $-197.37{\sim}140mg/m^2{\cdot}d$(T-N), $0.4{\sim}74.32mg/m^2{\cdot}d$($NH_3$-N), $-2.04{\sim}0.8mg/m^2{\cdot}d$ ($NO_2$-N), $-70{\sim}40mg/m^2{\cdot}d$ ($NO_3$-N), and $-26.11{\sim}28.55mg/m^2{\cdot}d$($PO_4$-P). All study results indicate that bottom sediments in the Seoha weir show only limited effects on the water quality. It implies that sediment dredging is not an effective option or management measure to reduce pollutant loading.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.371-382
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• 2020

There have been continuous attempts to quantify sensory attributes of cosmetic products by measuring relevant physical properties. The most representative method to evaluate stickiness is to measure axial force using texture analyzer. Stickiness is known to correlate with AUC which abbreviates area under curve in the obtained axial force curve as a function of time. Recently, Normandie University research group developed in vivo stickiness evaluation method considering the characteristics of skin along with established evaluation method[8]. Based on the study, we tried to optimize in vivo stickiness evaluation method especially for cosmetic creams. The experiment was carried out on 5 different facial creams products by changing the amount and the times of rolling of creams, and the shape and material of probes. Based on the results of the sensory evaluation, the most consistent conditions were established as the optimal evaluation method. As a result, applying 70 μL of cream and rubbing 10 times for 7 s inside the 3.4 cm circle were judged to be suitable. As for the probes, spherical metallic probe was more proper due to its reproducibility. We conducted the settled method on 10 subjects to check its validity. Although the absolute values of AUC differed depending on the individuals, the AUC values were all ranked the same. Finally, for the standardization of stickiness of AUC, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was set as a reference material and we measured AUC of its aqueous solution by changing concentration. Then, the degree of stickiness recognition for 5 different creams was surveyed to check the correlation between AUC and stickiness.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.51-60
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• 2021

River scour erodes the soil around the pier, reducing the lateral bearing capacity of the pier and lowering the stability of the structure. In this study, in order to examine the effect of scouring on the stability of the structure, an experiment was performed to measure the natural frequency of the pier according to the excavation of the surrounding ground. Impact vibration test was conducted on the pier with the caisson foundation of the Mangyeonggang Bridge, which is scheduled to be demolished. Accelerometers were attached to the top, center, and bottom of the pier and the acceleration responses were measured by hitting those three points. The experimental results showed that the top hit showed consistent and reasonable results of the acceleration responses according to the hitting position. The measured accelerations were converted to the frequency domain through Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and then the natural frequency was determined. In addition, to analyze the scour effect on the natural frequency of the pier, the ground around the pier was excavated and the natural frequency change was analyzed. As a result, the natural frequency showed the decreasing tendency according to the excavation depth, but the decrease was small due to the large stiffness of the caisson foundation.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.87-93
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• 2022

To analyze the interfacial property between the fiber and the matrix, work of adhesion was used generally that was calculated by surface energies. In this paper, it was determined what types of contact angle measurement methods were more accurate between static and dynamic contact angle measurements. 4 types of glass fiber and epoxy resin were used each other to measure the contact angle. The contact angle was measured using two types, static and dynamic contact angle methods, and work of adhesion, W_a was calculated to compare interfacial properties. The interfacial property was evaluated using microdroplet pull-out test. Generally, the interfacial property was proportional to work of adhesion. In the case of static contact angle, however, work of adhesion was not consistent with interfacial property. It is because that dynamic contact angle measurement comparing to static contact angle could delete the error due to microdroplet size to minimize the surface area as well as the meniscus measuring error.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.255-266
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• 2020

This study conducted a systematic literature review on nursing students to find out the types and composition of patient safety-related education programs. The research was conducted systematically using PRISMA. The patient was a nursing college student, and the intervention was patient safety education. The outcome was either numerical or descriptive reports of the results measured using the tool. The types of research were carried out including randomized design, quasi-experimental design, one-group design, survey and qualitative research. The paper was searched through Medline, Embases, CINAHL, DBpia, Riss and KISS. A total of 2,468 papers were searched in the search results, and nine papers were used for analysis as a result of extracting data according to PICO. The characteristics of patient safety education of nursing college students were classified according to the teaching method, period, result variables and measurement tools. As a result, patient safety education consisted of a variety of subjects, and was being taught through lectures, clinical practice, laboratories, and simulations. The period of education also varied. The resulting variables were mainly checked for knowledge, attitude, and skill, and the tools used to measure them varied. Patient safety education for nursing college students was conducted through various topics, methods and periods at home and abroad. Therefore, continuous research is needed to establish consistent and integrated patient safety education in educational institutions and working institutions to produce nursing personnel with patient safety capabilities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.35-50
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• 2022

As the water shortage has become a noticeable issue due to climate change, forests play an importance role as the provider of water supply service. There is, however, little information about the relationships between the factors used in the estimation of water supply service and coarse pore fraction of forest soil which determines the potential of water supply. To find out whether there would be an amelioration in the scoring system of water supply service estimation, we examined all factors except meteorological one and additionally, analyzed 4 extra factors that might be related with coarse pore fraction of soil. A total of 2,214 soil samples were collected throughout South Korea to measure coarse pore fractions from 2015 to 2020. First, the result of average coarse pore fraction of all samples showed 32.98±6.59% which was consistent with previous studies. And the results of non-parametric analysis of variance indicated that only two of eleven factors that was used in the scoring system matched the results of coarse pore fraction of forest soils. Tree canopy coverage showed no difference among categories, and slope also showed no significance at level of 0.05 in the linear regression analysis. Additionally, the applicability of 4 extra factors were confirmed, as the result of coarse pore fractions of soil samples were different for various categories of each factor. Therefore, the scoring system of water supply service of forest should be revised to improve accuracy.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1-13
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• 2022

This study aims to investigate the feasibility of the half-cell potential (HCP) measurements on the concrete surface for evaluation of corrosion rate (or corrosion levels) of reinforcing steel in concrete. A series of experimental study is performed to measure HCP (or corrosion potential, E_corr) and corrosion current density (i_corr) of reinforcing steel in concrete cube specimens, with a side length of 200 mm. Various corrosion levels in a range of 0% to 20% of the test specimens are accelerated by impressing current to the reinforcing steel in concrete immersed in 3.0 % NaCl solution. HCP is measured in accordance with ASTM C876-15, and corrosion current density is determined by using the Stern-Geary equation and measured polarization resistance measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). As a result, a numerical formula that relates HCP and i_corr in the test specimen is established by a regression analysis of the measured data in this study. It is observed that HCP is linearly correlated with log(i_corr) with a R² greater than 0.87, which is less affected by the experimental variables such as concrete mixture proportion, diameter of reinforcing steel and the amount of applied current in this study. These results exhibit that HCP measurements could be effective for evaluation of corrosion rate (or corrosion levels) of reinforcing steel in concrete in the case of exposed to a certain consistent environment.