• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.155-160
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• 2015

Objectives: Achieving adequate anesthesia with inferior alveolar nerve blocks (IANB) is of great importance during dental procedures. The aim of the present study was to assess the success rate of two anesthetic agents (bupivacaine and lidocaine) for IANB when treating teeth with irreversible pulpitis. Materials and Methods: Sixty volunteer male and female patients who required root canal treatment of a mandibular molar due to caries participated in the present study. The inclusion criteria included prolonged pain to thermal stimulus but no spontaneous pain. The patients were randomly allocated to receive either 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine or 0.5% bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine as an IANB injection. The sensitivity of the teeth to a cold test as well as the amount of pain during access cavity preparation and root canal instrumentation were recorded. Results were statistically analyzed with the Chi-Square and Fischer's exact tests. Results: At the final step, fifty-nine patients were included in the study. The success rate for bupivacaine and lidocaine groups were 20.0% and 24.1%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups at any stage of the treatment procedure. Conclusions: There was no difference in success rates of anesthesia when bupivacaine and lidocaine were used for IANB injections to treat mandibular molar teeth with irreversible pulpitis. Neither agent was able to completely anesthetize the teeth effectively. Therefore, practitioners should be prepared to administer supplemental anesthesia to overcome pain during root canal treatment.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.200-205
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this in vivo study was to assess the accuracy of 2 third-generation electronic apex locators (EALs), Propex II (Dentsply Maillefer) and Root ZX II (J. Morita), and radiographic technique for locating the major foramen (MF). Materials and Methods: Thirty-two premolars with single canals that required extraction were included. Following anesthesia, access, and initial canal preparation with size 10 and 15 K-flex files and SX and S1 rotary ProTaper files, the canals were irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. The length of the root canal was verified 3 times for each tooth using the 2 apex locators and once using the radiographic technique. Teeth were extracted and the actual WL was determined using size 15 K-files under a ${\times}25$ magnification. The Biostat 4.0 program (AnalystSoft Inc.) was used for comparing the direct measurements with those obtained using radiographic technique and the apex locators. Pearson's correlation analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for statistical analyses. Results: The measurements obtained using the visual method exhibited the strongest correlation with Root ZX II (r = 0.94), followed by Propex II (r = 0.90) and Ingle's technique (r = 0.81; p < 0.001). Descriptive statistics using ANOVA (Tukey's post hoc test) revealed significant differences between the radiographic measurements and both EALs measurements (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Both EALs presented similar accuracy that was higher than that of the radiographic measurements obtained with Ingle's technique. Our results suggest that the use of these EALs for MF location is more accurate than the use of radiographic measurements.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.406-414
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• 2009

본 연구의 목적은 심부 상아질과 치수실 상아질에 $H_2O_2$를 각기 다른 적용시간과 농도로 적용하였을 때, 레진수복물과의 미세인장결합강도에 미치는 영향을 평가하는 것이다. 준비된 각각의 치아에 전형적인 근관와동을 형성하고 다음과 같이 무작위로 1개의 대조군과, 4개의 실험군으로 나누었다: 1군, 전처리를 시행하지 않았다; 2군, 20% $H_2O_2$를 20분, 10분, 5분간 적용하였다; 3군, 10% $H_2O_2$를 20분, 10분, 5분간 적용하였다; 4군 5% $H_2O_2$를 20분, 10분, 5분간 적용하였다; 5군, 2.5% $H_2O_2$를 20분, 10분, 5분간 적용하였다. 위와 같이 처리한 후 와동 내를 Superbond C&B(Sunmedical, Co., Shiga, Japan)로 충전하였다. 각 치아는 $37^{\circ}C$ 증류수에 24시간 저장한 뒤 심부 상아질과 치수실 상아질로 잘라 미세인장결합강도 시험을 시행하였다. 각 군에서 측정된 미세인장결합강도를 3-way ANOVA와 Tukey post hoc test로 통계 처리하였다(p < 0.05). 실험 결과 모든 군에서 심부 상아질(D1)의 미세인장 결합강도가 치수실 상아질(D2)보다 높게 나타났다. 평균 결합강도는 $H_2O_2$의 농도와 적용 시간이 증가할수록 감소하였다. 통계분석에서 상아질의 깊이, $H_2O_2$ 농도와 적용 시간이라는 세 가지 변수간의 교호작용 효과는 없으나(p > 0.05). 상아질의 깊이와 $H_2O_2$ 농도 사이, $H_2O_2$ 농도와 적용 시간 사이에서는 교호작용 효과가 있었다(p < 0.05). SEM 관찰에서는 $H_2O_2$의 농도가 증가할수록 상아세관이 좀 더 개방된 양상을 보였다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.515-525
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 치수강이 개방된 근관와동에 5.25% NaOCl용액을 각각 다른 시간 동안 적용시킨 뒤 접착레진에 의한 미세인장결합강도의 변화를 측정하였으며, 10% sodium ascorbate를 NaOCl 용액에 일정시간 노출시킨 상아질에 다시 10분 동안 적용하여 결합강도에 미치는 효과를 연구하고자 하였다. 연구결과 본 실험에서 상부 치수강 상아질과 하부 치수강 상아질에 대한 결합강도는 모든 실험군내에서 유의한 차이 (p > 0.05)를 보이지 않았다. 5.25% NaOCl 용액을 적용하지 않고 치수강 상아질에 접착시킨 대조군에 비해 20분간 적용시킨 실험군에서는 결합강도의 감소가 초래되었으나 통계적인 유의성 (p > 0.05)은 없었다. 그러나 5.25% NaOCl 용액을 40분과 80분 동안 치수강 상아질에 적용시킨 실험군에서는 대조군에 비해 유의하게 낮은(p < 0.05) 결합강도의 변화를 나타내었다. 5.25% NaOCl 용액을 40분동안 그리고 10% sodium ascorbate를 10분간 처리한 실험군에서는 유의한 결합강도의 회복을 나타내었다. 그러나 5.25% NaOCl 용액을 80분 동안 그리고 10% sodium ascorbate를 10분간 적용한 실험군에서는 대조군에 비해 통계적으로 유의한 차이(p < 0.05)를 보임으로써 여전히 결합강도가 회복되지 못하고 있음을 나타내었다. 5.25% NaOCl 용액을 5분간 적용한 뒤 10% sodium ascorbate를 10분간 적용한 실험군에서는 오히려 대조군에 비해 높은 결합강도(p < 0.05)를 보여줌으로써 높은 회복효과를 나타내었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.123-131
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• 1982

The purpose of this study was to observe the responses of the remaining pulp tissue after pulpotomy upon the several kinds of $Ca(OH)_2$ products and the responses of periapical tissue upon some root canal filling materials after extirpation. For pulpotomy, the class V cavities were prepared on the premolars, molars and upper canines, and the pulp was amputated. Each drug was placed over the amputated tissue and cavity was sealed with zinc oxide eugenol cement. The drugs which were used for the study were Dycal (Caulk Co. U.S.A.), Cavitec (Kerr Co. U.S.A.), Calvital, Nobudyne and Neodyne (Neo Dental Chemical Products). For extirpation, the endodontic cavities were prepared on the lingual surfaces of anterior teeth, and the pulp tissues were extirpated as routine method. After enlarging, irrigation, and measuring of root length by taking X-ray, each root canal filling material was filled in the canal with gutta percha cone, and endodontic cavity was sealed with zinc oxide eugenol cement. Zinc oxide eugenol, $Ca(OH)_2$ (Eli Lilly Co. U.S.A.) and Vitapex (Neo Dental Chemical Products) were used as root canal filling materials. Animals were sacrificed after 1, 3 and 6 weeks following the operation. The teeth were decalcified in formic acid, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin eosin. Microscopic examination revealed as follows. 1. Dycal: The dentin bridge formation was observed at the 3rd week after pulpotomy. Inflammatory conditions which were infiltration of inflammatory cells and dilatation of blood vessels were kept in remaining pulp tissue at the 6th week. 2. Calvital: The dentin bridge was observed at the 1st week after pulpotomy. As the time clasped, the pulp tended to be the fibrous degeneration. 3. Cavitec, Nobudyne and Neodyne: In the case of Cavitec and Nobudyne, the incompleted and irregular dentin bridge was observed at the 6th week, and in Neodyne, was observed at the 3rd week. The severe inflammatory changes were seen in the remaining pulp tissue. As the time clasped, the fibrous degeneration tended to spread in the remaining pulp tissue. 4. $Ca(OH)_2$: Osteocementum was formed at the 3rd week, the matrix of cementum and dentin were resorted, and infiltration of lymphocytes was seen in periapical tissue when $Ca(OH)_2$ was used as canal-filling materials. S. ZOE and Vitapex The cementum like substance was seen in periapical portion at the 1st week, when ZOE and Vitapex were used as root canal filling materials. As the time elapsed, the matrix of cementum and dentin tended to be resorted. At the 6th week, the inflammatory condition of periapical tissue was continued in the case of ZOE, but was reduced in the case of Vitapex.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.33.1-33.12
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• 2019

Objectives: To evaluate the influence of the restorative technique on the mechanical response of endodontically-treated upper premolars with mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) cavity. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight premolars received MOD preparation (4 groups, n = 12) with different restorative techniques: glass ionomer cement + composite resin (the GIC group), a metallic post + composite resin (the MP group), a fiberglass post + composite resin (the FGP group), or no endodontic treatment + restoration with composite resin (the CR group). Cusp strain and load-bearing capacity were evaluated. One-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test were used with ${\alpha}=5%$. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to calculate displacement and tensile stress for the teeth and restorations. Results: MP showed the highest cusp (p = 0.027) deflection ($24.28{\pm}5.09{\mu}m/{\mu}m$), followed by FGP ($20.61{\pm}5.05{\mu}m/{\mu}m$), CR ($17.62{\pm}7.00{\mu}m/{\mu}m$), and GIC ($17.62{\pm}7.00{\mu}m/{\mu}m$). For load-bearing, CR ($38.89{\pm}3.24N$) showed the highest, followed by GIC ($37.51{\pm}6.69N$), FGP ($29.80{\pm}10.03N$), and MP ($18.41{\pm}4.15N$) (p = 0.001) value. FEA showed similar behavior in the restorations in all groups, while MP showed the highest stress concentration in the tooth and post. Conclusions: There is no mechanical advantage in using intraradicular posts for endodontically-treated premolars requiring MOD restoration. Filling the pulp chamber with GIC and restoring the tooth with only CR showed the most promising results for cusp deflection, failure load, and stress distribution.