• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.71-81
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• 2024

Purpose: This study examines the impact of inclusive policies and green transformation on regional development of mining areas. Research design, data and methodology: We designed and utilized a structured questionnaire to collect data from a population of 300 individuals. The questionnaire was disseminated through Google Forms and consisted of five questions for each research variable. A total of 210 respondents completed the questionnaire, yielding a response rate of 70%. The sample was diverse in terms of gender and educational level Of the 210 respondents, 113 were female (53.8%) and 97 were male (46.2%). In terms of educational background, the sample was composed as follows: 13 individuals with a Doctorate degree (6.2%), 56 with a Master's degree (26.7%), 97 with a Bachelor's degree (46.2%), 22 with a Diploma (10.5%), and 22 with a High School education (10.5%). Results: The research outcomes highlight the significant influence of inclusive policies on driving the Distribution of green economic transformation. Emphasizing the pivotal role of inclusive distribution strategies, especially within the context of mining areas, the study sheds light on their crucial contribution to fostering regional development. Conclusion: These findings hold valuable implications for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and academics promoting environmentally conscious economic transformations.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.581-587
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• 2022

Procedural sedation has become increasingly common in endoscopy. Sedatives and analgesics induce anxiolysis and amnesia. In addition, an appropriate level of sedation is necessary for safe procedures including therapeutic endoscopy. Midazolam and propofol are the most commonly used drugs in sedative endoscopy. In recent years, the need to ascertain the safety and effectiveness of sedation has increased in practice. Therefore, new sedatives and analgesic drugs for optimal sedative endoscopy, have recently emerged. This article reviews the characteristics of sedatives and analgesics, and describes their clinical use in gastrointestinal endoscopy.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.18 no.1 s.39
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• pp.1-16
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the adolescent's perception of marital conflict and the parents-children communication. The subjects of this study were 480 adolescents from 3 middle school in Seoul and Gyung Ki-Do. The main results are as follows; First, Marital conflict, perceived by adolescent is not generally high level and the disposal utility factor by adolescent form is higher compare with other numerical index , the contents by adolescent is perceived lower compare with numerical index. Second, the students are mostly having open communications with their parents, but usually more open communications with their mothers. Third, perceiving marital conflict by the adolescent and communication between parents-adolescent is the less the students are conscious of parents conflict, the more the students have open communication with their parents. The higher Being conscious of marital conflict, the more the students have trouble communication with their parents.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.159-165
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• 2015

Input signals originating from baroreceptors and vestibular receptors are integrated in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) to maintain blood pressure during postural movement. The contribution of baroreceptors and vestibular receptors in the maintenance of blood pressure following hypotension were quantitatively analyzed by measuring phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinase (pERK) expression and glutamate release in the RVLM. The expression of pERK and glutamate release in the RVLM were measured in conscious rats that had undergone bilateral labyrinthectomy (BL) and/or sinoaortic denervation (SAD) following hypotension induced by a sodium nitroprusside (SNP) infusion. The expression of pERK was significantly increased in the RVLM in the control group following SNP infusion, and expression peaked 10 min after SNP infusion. The number of pERK positive neurons increased following SNP infusion in BL, SAD, and BL+SAD groups, although the increase was smaller than seen in the control group. The SAD group showed a relatively higher reduction in pERK expression when compared with the BL group. The level of glutamate release was significantly increased in the RVLM in control, BL, SAD groups following SNP infusion, and this peaked 10 min after SNP infusion. The SAD group showed a relatively higher reduction in glutamate release when compared with the BL group. These results suggest that the baroreceptors are more powerful in pERK expression and glutamate release in the RVLM following hypotension than the vestibular receptors, but the vestibular receptors still have an important role in the RVLM.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 2006

Purpose: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a very useful procedure in diagnosing gastrointestinal diseases. However, there can be some difficulty in performing this procedure in children due to the associated discomfort. Recently, sedative agents such as midazolam have been introduced to alleviate this problem quite successfully. In our study, we attempted to confirm the safety and efficacy of midazolam use by monitoring the vital signs of children undergoing endoscopy. Methods: We analyzed data on 244 children who received EGD in the department of pediatrics at Severance Hospital, Yonsei University between August 2003 and July 2005. We evaluated $O_2$ saturation, heart rate and change of mental status before and during the procedure and analyzed the results using the SPSS 12.0 package (Chi-square test, cross table method, etc.). Results: There was no significant difference in vital signs measured before and during EGD between midazolam treated and non treated children. There was no significant relationship between the amount of midazolam given and $O_2$ saturation or a change of mental status. Regarding the $O_2$ saturation, it was decreased during EGD in both groups with p<0.01 though no difference was noted between the groups; the $O_2$ level was maintained above 95% in all patients. The heart rate was also increased during EGD in both groups with a p<0.01; however, no significant difference was noted between the groups. Conclusion: We confirmed the safety of low dose midazolam by evaluating the vital signs of children during endoscopies. However, the doses used were not sufficient for sedation or to obtain an amnestic effect.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.557-564
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• 2021

Background: Conscious sedation is a useful adjunct in the treatment of patients in dentistry; however, a lack of knowledge among the dental profession regarding sedation is a restricting factor in the practice of dental sedation. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practice of sedation in dentistry among dental professionals in Tanzania. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted for five months targeting all practicing dental professionals in Tanzania. A modified questionnaire contained 14 questions regarding knowledge about sedative agents and a section on the practice of sedation. The data obtained from this study were coded and entered into a computer program and analyzed using SPSS software version 23.0. The data are presented as frequencies and percentages in tables and charts. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: The age range of participants was between 24 and 63 years (mean 36.6 ± 7.7 years). There were 107 men (78.1%), and the male-to-female ratio was 3.6:1. The majority (76.6%) of participants only had an undergraduate dental degree. Thirty-one percent of participants only worked in publicly owned health facilities. Slightly more than half (59.9%) of participants had satisfactory knowledge regarding sedation in dentistry. There was no statistically significant association between the level of sedation-related knowledge and the demographic characteristics of the participants. Only 21.9% reported using sedation in their practice, and the most commonly used sedative drug was diazepam. The reasons for not using dental sedation in clinical practice included a perceived lack of knowledge on sedation, lack of equipment, and cost. Conclusion: Most dental professionals in Tanzania have basic knowledge of sedation in dentistry, although knowledge regarding sedative agents is generally low. The practice of sedation in dentistry in Tanzania is very low compared to that in middle- and high-income countries. Inadequate knowledge, lack of equipment, and the cost of practicing sedation are the main reasons for not practicing sedation.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2014

Background: It is imperative that adequate sedation level should be maintained for safe and effective dental sedation. Cerebral state index (CSI) is a empirically derived parameter calculated from the processed electroencephalography (EEG). We investigated whether CSI can be used as a sedation depth indicator. Methods: We continuously recorded CSI and bispectral index (BIS) values from 10 healthy children aged 3.6 yr undergoing dental sedation. We also evaluated sedation level using the Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (MOAA/S). The correlation between CSI and BIS, or CSI and sedation score were sought a regression analysis. Results: There were good linearity between CSI values and sedation score. (r = 0.916, P < 0.001) The paired CSI and BIS values showed a significant correlation between the two values. (r = 0.895, P < 0.001) The difference between CSI and BIS values was not statistically significant at deep and conscious sedative levels. Conclusions: The CSI monitor can be easy to monitor sedation depth during dental sedation for children.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.13 no.2 s.20
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• pp.149-155
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• 2007

Objective : Using a spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model of essential hypertension, this study investigated whether electroacupuncture (EA) could reduce early stage hypertension by examining whether EA increased nitric oxide (NO) levels in plasma, which compensates for elevated blood pressure (BP). Methods : EA was applied to the acupoint, Baekhoe (GV20), and to a non acupoint in the tail at 10 Hz and an intensity of 1 mA for 10 minutes on the first and fourth day of the week for three weeks under isoflurane anesthesia. In conscious SHR and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, blood pressure was determined the day after EA treatment by the tail cuff method using an automatic BP monitoring system. We also measured NO concentration of blood serum in SHR and WKY. Results : Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were lower after 3 weeks of GV20 treatment than in non EA treated or non acupoint treated SHR rats. The NO level of plasma was significantly lower in hypertensive SHR than in normotensive WKY. EA prevented the augmentation of blood pressure, and also increased NO concentrations from $7.91{\pm}0.42$ ${\mu}M$ to $11.50{\pm}0.93$ ${\mu}M$ in SHR serum. Conclusions : We suggest that acupuncture may be an early intervention to delay the development of hypertension and enhance NO/NOS activity.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2018

Objective: In accordance with the changing demographics in the United States, orthodontists working on various ethnic populations should be more conscious when using the standardized profile analyses for the African American patient. The objective of this study was to examine whether the perception of lip protrusiveness in modern African American faces has changed. For this purpose, we investigated the most favorable African American lip profile using the opinions of 10 experienced and 10 newly trained younger orthodontists. Methods: Attractiveness was converted to a number on visualized analog scales. Comparative ranks on 16 African American profiles, with focus on lip protrusiveness and thickness, were made among the groups. Mixed-effects linear regression models were fit and group differences were estimated. Results: Younger orthodontists favored a more protrusive lip profile, and the variance in their perceptions was narrower than those of older orthodontists. Measurements related to upper lip protrusion showed the strongest correlation to attractiveness (r = -0.82). The association with attractiveness decreased linearly as the protrusiveness of the upper lip increased. Steiner's E-line was the most influential reference for determining the level of attractiveness for the older orthodontists, whereas upper lip protrusion was the most influential factor for the young orthodontists. Conclusions: An adequate level of lip protrusiveness and thickness should be essential for maintaining attractive esthetics in African American patients. Yet, a new set of standards for prominent lips in this population is necessary to reflect the current trend in the concept of a beautiful face in the modern world.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 2001

Objective : There are many reports that acupuncture has thermoregulatory effects on human and animals. To investigate the effect and mechanism of antipyretic action of acupuncture, we observed the body temperature and cytokine expressions in the hypothalamus of rats. Methods : Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, i.p., 2.5mg/kg) was injected to conscious rats (Sprague-Dawley, male, n=4l) to cause hyperthermia and simple needling (stainless steel, 0.25 mm o.d., 5 mm insertion for 10 sec with no manipulation) was performed bilaterally with the measurement of rectal temperature. Next, we sacrificed rats to remove brain and determined the level of mRNA for interleukin-6 (IL-6), $interleukin-1{\beta}{\;}(IL-1{\beta})$, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and $interferon-{\gamma}{\;}(IFN-{\gamma})$ in the hypothalamus by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Resul1s : Needling on forepaw (acupoint HT8) and needling on hindpaw (acupoint BL66 and acupoint LR2) significantly inhibited LPS-induced fever of rats (P<0.01, 10 min after treatment respectively), but same treatment on proximal tail (non-acupoint) did not cause any change on fever. The levels of IL-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA in the hypothalamus was significantly enhanced by LPS-injection, while the level of IL-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA was markedly reduced after treatment on BL66 (P<0.01). Treatment on forepaw reduced it slightly, but not significantly. Equivalent stimulation on proximal tail did not cause any changes. Conclusions : Our results indicate that acupuncture stimulation on various body parts has differential thermoregulatory effects on LPS-induced fever of rats with site-specificity. And, we suggest that its antipyretic action might be accompanied with the suppression of hypothalamic production of pro-inflammatory cytokine of immune system, IL-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$.