• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.663-669
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• 2022

The content of fluoride in toothpaste commercially available in Korea has been increased to less than 1500 ppm. The purpose is to provide these results to consumers and to suggest alternatives to the safe use of toothpaste. This study was conducted on 1,300 people for 2 weeks from March 2021. As a research tool, general characteristics and oral health behaviors were surveyed. ConsExpo Web 1.0.2. It was used as an input variable for exposure evaluation. As a result of the study, when a toothpaste containing 1500 ppm of fluoride was used, the external dose on day of exposure was 2.3×10-2 mg/kg/day for males, 2.9×10-2 mg/kg/day for females, and children aged 2-3 years was estimated to be 7.3×10 -2 mg/kg/day. As a result of this study, it is thought that as the fluoride content of toothpaste distributed in the market increases, it will be used as a basic data to present standards for safe use by consumers.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.1147-1154
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• 1993

This paper introduces a case of SCADA System replacing from centralized processing system to distributed/open architecture system. The cons and pros of the distinctive two system configurations were studied and the requirements of new system that would be enable to easily follow 21 century's technical and operational inovation were presented.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1171-1177
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• 2003

Purpose. Despite many smoking cessation programs, many patients with CAD continue to smoke or re-smoke. The processes of change and self-change for smoking cessation is emphasized. The purpose of present study was to investigate decisional balances and processes of change according to stages of change for smoking cessation in the patients with CAD. Methods. This descriptive study was performed using the self-reported questionnaires from 157 male patients with CAD who have smoking experiences. The questionnaires consisted of decisional balances toward smoking (pros/cons) and processes of change including 7 factors. Results. 45.2% of the subjects had myocardial infarction and 54.8% for angina pectoris. Major stages of change were maintenance, contemplation, and precontemplation in 62%, 14%, and 18% respectively. The mean score of pros smoking was 31.07 and cons smoking was 32.52. The mean scores of processes of change were high in all 7 factors, especially in self determination. The pros smoking in precontemplation stage was significantly higher than those in other stages. Between contemplation and precontemplation stages, processes of change showed significant differences in stimulus control, self determination, information management, and dramatic relief. Conclusion. This study suggests that decisional balances and processes of change are stage-specific. As this study, smoking cessation program in the patients with CAD must put priority on the patients group in pre-contemplation and contemplation stages, and stress self determination and dramatic relief.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.191-202
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• 2000

This study was carried out to assess the perception of decisional balance of Korean women toward mammography screening. From Dec. 20, 1998 to Apr. 30, 1999, a samples of 1,903 subjects were selected from 7 metropolitan areas and 6 provinces of Korea. Data was collected using Rakowski et al's decisional balance scale to measure the decisional balance regarding a woman's adoption of mammography screening and to assess the woman's current stages of adoption of mammography. The classification of women according to the stage of adoption of mammography was 54.9 % in precontemplation, 31.9 % in contemplation, 7.8 % in action, and 5.5 % in maintenance. The mean difference of pros, cons, and the decisional balance by the stage of mammography adoption were statistically significant. There were significant mean differences between the stages of adoption according to a woman's experience with and intention for mammography and the pros score, the cons score, and the decisional balance score. The behavioral portion of stage of mammography adoption provides a further level of discrimination. Results provide the empirical evidence for the Transtheoretical model.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.795-798
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• 2012

Objective: This descriptive, cross sectional study was conducted to examine the effect of levels of self-efficacy on children's perceptions of pros and cons of smoking. Methodology: The sample was 233 fifth-grade students. Data were collected in September 2010 using the Socio-Demographic Data Collection Form, Self Efficacy Scale Child Form and Child Decision Balance Scale and analyzed via percentage calculations and t test with the SPSS 11.00 statistical package program. Results: Average age of the students participating in the research was $11.1{\pm}0.41$, 49.8 % (n: 116) being female and 50.2 % (n:117) male. The difference between the score averages of the pros of smoking perceptions of children with a high self-efficacy level and of those with a low self efficacy level (t=2.117, p=.042) and the difference between the score averages of the cons of smoking perceptions of children with a high self-efficacy level and of those with a low self-efficacy level (t=2.206, p=.035) were found to be statistically significant. Conclusions: Children's positive perceptions of smoking were low and negative perceptions high when their self efficacy levels were high. Conversely, children's positive perceptions of smoking were high when their self efficacy levels were low.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.21-28
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• 2009

In apartment buildings, casualties, especially fatalities have occurred in balcony areas in fires if residents fail to escape to the main entrance. Potential consequences of a particular infrequent event should be considered. In attempting to design apartment buildings for fire safety, alternative escape methods such as vertical penetration could be considered. The purpose of this study is to investigate present building regulations regarding apartment buildings and examine pros and cons of the current escape method and alternative escape methods. Focus group interview was conducted to discuss problems of fire escape methods. In addition, questionnaires were distributed to field professionals working in architecture, construction and related industries. Among 500 questionnaires distributed, 192 questionnaires were collected. Usable 162 questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS 15. Regarding alternative fire escape methods, several concerns were mentioned. Safety, privacy, security, effectiveness of escape, water proof problems were raised. Based on the opinions, vertical penetration between apartment unit appeared more safe, secure, effective than horizontal penetration. However, both methods have its own pros and cons under specific contexts. Alternative escape methods need be considered for a selective options for residents in case of fire.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

In This paper, the settlements of soft ground and the undrained shear strength were compared for verify the improvement effect of PBD method, completed in the Busan New Port phase 1-1 site. Through the describing of design cases with the PBD method, the effects of the improvement method with CPT data were evaluated comparing with measured results. We expect that the output from this research is useful in future for design and analysis when similar soft grounds are planned to be used.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.1436-1458
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• 2017

Quorum-based algorithms are widely used for solving several problems in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) and wireless sensor networks (WSN). Several quorum-based protocols are proposed for multi-hop ad hoc networks that each one has its pros and cons. Quorum-based protocol (QEC or QPS) is the first study in the asynchronous sleep scheduling protocols. At the time, most of the proposed protocols were non-adaptive ones. But nowadays, adaptive quorum-based protocols have gained increasing attention, because we need protocols which can change their quorum size adaptively with network conditions. In this paper, we first introduce the most popular quorum systems and explain quorum system properties and its performance criteria. Then, we present a comparative and comprehensive survey of the non-adaptive and adaptive quorum-based protocols which are subsequently discussed in depth. We also present the comparison of different quorum systems in terms of the expected quorum overlap size (EQOS) and active ratio. Finally, we summarize the pros and cons of current adaptive and non-adaptive quorum-based protocols.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.2531-2546
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• 2021

For several years, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies have been improving. However, some hurdles remain that slow down the distribution of VR and AR devices, such as head-mounted display (HMD), and related consumer content. One issue is VR motion sickness, which has been experienced by users using 360 degree VR content via HMD. This paper discusses the related international standardization work that classifies the factors causing VR sickness, and proposes the process for VR sickness level evaluation. Among the factors causing VR sickness, many research institutes regard minimizing MTP (Motion-to-Photon) latency as the key enabler to mitigate VR sickness. Thus, this paper introduces research trends of MTP latency measurement and MTP latency mitigation. This paper categorizes the research on MTP latency measurement into 2 categories of hardware-based approach and software code-level approach. The 2 approaches have different pros and cons depending on use-case, purpose, and architecture of each multimedia system. The pros and cons are addressed in this paper. Additionally, the research on mitigating MTP latency with diverse strategies such as proactive computing, caching, and edge server technology is explained, and compared to conventional technologies, shows improved performance.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.81.3-81.3
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• 2015

Carbon Fiber Re-enforced Polymer (CFRP) has replaced steel, especially for mobile devices. As CFRP is stiff and light-weight, it has been applied to airplane, sport car, golf clubs, semiconductor transporter, satellites, etc. In the telescope, the plastic material was introduced to the supporting tubes or rods connecting the primary mirror assembly and the secondary mirror structure. Nowadays, even the mirror itself is produced by CFRP. In this poster, material properties and production of CFRP telescopes are presented, and pros and cons are discussed.