• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.152-158
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• 2015

Background: Acromioclavicular (AC) stability is maintained through a complex combination of soft-tissue restraints that include coracoclavicular (CC), AC ligament and overlying muscles. Among these structures, the role of the CC ligament has continued to be studied because of its importance on shoulder kinematics, especially after AC injury. This study was designed to determine the geometric change of conoid and trapezoid ligaments and resulting stresses on these ligaments according to various scapular motions. Methods: The scapuloclavicular (SC) complex was isolated from a fresh-frozen cadaver by removing all soft tissues except the AC and CC ligaments. The anatomically aligned SC complex was then scanned with a high-resolution computed tomography scanner into 0.6- mm slices. The Finite element model of the SC complex was obtained and used for calculating the stress on different parts of the CC ligaments with simulated movements of the scapula. Results: Average stress on the conoid ligament during anterior tilt, internal rotation, and scapular protraction was higher, whereas the stress on the trapezoid ligament was more prominent during posterior tilt, external rotation, and retraction. Conclusions: We conclude that CC ligament plays an integral role in regulating horizontal SC motion as well as complex motions indicated by increased stress over the ligament with an incremental scapular position change. The conoid ligament is the key structure restraining scapular protraction that might occur in high-grade AC dislocation. Hence in CC ligament reconstructions involving only single bundle, every attempt must be made to reconstruct conoid part of CC ligament as anatomically as possible.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to present methods and results for the modified Phemister operation, with a suture anchor added for augmentation of the conoid ligament in cases of acute dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 14 cases of acute dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint. This included 11 cases of Rockwood type 3, and 3 cases of type 5. The mean age of patients was 45.2 years. We operated on them using an anchor for augmentation of the conoid ligament in the modified Phemister operation. The average follow-up period was 14 months and post-operative clinical analysis was conducted using the Weitzman classification, VAS Score, Constant Score and KSS Score. Results: According to Weitzman scores, 13 cases were evaluated as excellent, and one case was good. They had mean joint ranges of forward elevation of $170.7^{\circ}$, lateral elevation of 166.4, external rotation of 68.2, and internal rotation to the level of T7. The mean VAS Score was 1.9, mean Constant Score 90.8, and the mean KSS Score 91. Radiologic analysis indicated that all cases had a good result. Conclusion: The modified Phemister operation with a suture anchor added for augmentation of the conoid ligament is very effective clinically in acute dislocations of the acromioclavicular joint.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.185-193
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• 2004

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, which invades a wide range of hosts including humans. The exact mechanisms involved in its invasion are not fully understood. This study focused on the roles of $Ca^{2+}$ in host cell invasion and in T. gondii replication. We examined the invasion and replication of T. gondii pretreated with several calcium modulators, the conoid extrusion of tachyzoites. Calmodulin localization in T. gondii were observed using the immunogold method, and $Ca^{2+}$ levels in tachyzoites by confocal microscopy. In light microscopic observation, tachyzoites co-treated with A23187 and EGTA showed that host cell invasion and intracellular replication were decreased. The invasion of tachyzoites was slightly inhibited by the $Ca^{2+}$ channel blockers, bepridil and verapamil, and by the calmodulin antagonist, calmidazolium. We observed that calcium saline containing A23187 induced the extrusion of tachyzoite conoid. By immunoelectron microscopy, gold particles bound to anti-calmodulin or anti-actin mAb, were found to be localized on the anterior portion of tachyzoites. Remarkably reduced intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ was observed in tachyzoites treated with BAPTA/AM by confocal microscopy. These results suggest that host cell invasion and the intracellular replication of T. gondii tachyzoites are inhibited by the calcium ionophore, A23187, and by the extracellular calcium chelator, EGTA.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.3 no.3_4
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• pp.205-212
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• 2000

Light and electron microscopical characteristics of Perkinsus sp. parasitizing in Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, in Korea were investigated. Trophozoite within the tissue was spherical or ovoid and ranged $2.5-10.5\mu m$ $(mean = 6.2\mu m)$ in diameter. Trophozoite had a nucleus with a prominent nucleolus and a large cytoplasmic vacuole within the cytoplasm. Single trophozoite was phagocytozed by host hemocyte and cluster cells were encapusulated by hemocytes aggregation within the host tissues. Hypnospores incubated in thioglycollate medium (FTM) for 1 to 15 days were also spherical or ovoid and ranged $10-132\mu m$ $(mean\pm S.D.\;:\;44.25\pm 7.91\mu m)$ in diameter. Zoospores were spherical or ovoid, had a nucleus and two flagella. Zoospores contained apical complex, which consisted of conoid, subpellicular microtubules, rhoptries and rectilinear micronemes.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.345-348
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• 2021

The genus Eucephalobus Steiner, 1936, belonging to the family Cephalobidae Filipjev, 1934 (Cephalobomorpha), represents a group of bacterial feeding nematodes. Although this group is cosmopolitan and species-rich, only two species have been reported from South Korea. Eucephalobus iaculocaudatus Bostrom and Holovachov, 2011 was collected from natural forest in Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea. This species shows typical morphological characters of the genus Eucephalobus, including a bicornuate labial probolae, cephalic probolae absent and three lateral incisures. However, E. iaculocaudatus is distinguished from other Eucephalobus species by conoid tail with a harpoon-shape mucro in female and ragged mucro in male. In this study, detailed morphological characters and morphometrics of E. iaculocaudatus are described and illustrated based on optical microscopy.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.41-48
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• 2019

Pseudacrobeles(Pseudacrobeles) variabilis(Steiner, 1936) Steiner, 1938 and P. (Bunobus) pseudolatus($Hern{\acute{a}}ndez$, 1990) De Ley, Siddiqi and $Bostr{\ddot{o}}m$, 1993 belonging to the family Cephalobidae Filipjev, 1934 are newly reported from South Korea. Pseudacrobeles (Pseudacrobeles) variabilis is distinguished from its congeners by having distinctly setiform cephalic probolae, three rounded or knob-shaped labial probolae and longer female tail. Pseudacrobeles (Bunobus) pseudolatus is distinguished from its congeners by having visibly lateral lips, a short post-uterine sac, elongated conoid tail in the female, and acute mucro on the tails of both sexes. In this study, details of the morphological characters and morphometrics of Korean populations of P. (P.) variabilis and P. (B.) pseudolatus are described and illustrated based on optical microscopy.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.58-68
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• 2011

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocations are common injuries in active individuals secondary to direct force on the lateral aspect of the adducted shoulder. Complete disruption of the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments may occur, depending on the magnitude of the insulting force. Most of these injuries are successfully treated without surgery. However, for the treatment of cases in which surgical management is warranted, there are more than 100 surgical techniques available without a gold standard technique. We review the anatomy of the acromioclavicular joint, the diagnosis of disorders of this joint, and the different treatment options in this article.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.71-83
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• 2000

Mylonchulus jinjuensis n. sp. is 1.8-2.2 mm long, spicules 58-$67{\mu}textrm{m}$ long and is distinguishable by basally situated subventral teeth, presence of hypodermal glands and ventural body pores. Mylonchulus taeguensis n. sp. is 1.3-1.8 mm long, spicules 52-$64{\mu}textrm{m}$ long and is characterized by having small denticle on dorsal wall of buccal cavity at the level of dorsal tooth apex, and two each pre- and post-vulval papillae. Mylonchulus polynicus is reported here for the first time from Korea, is described and illustrated. Princhulus pachydermis n. sp. is 2-2.3 mm long and is distinctive in having very thick body cuticle and absence of caudal glands and spinneret. Prionchulus koriensis n. sp. is 1.7-2.0 mm long and is characterized by having elongate-conoid tail with sharply pointed terminus and presence of caudal glands.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.41-56
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• 2005

Present study was performed to observe the tegumental ultrastructures by the developmental stages which derived from the experimental life cycle of Spirometra erinacei in laboratory conditions. In SEM view, coracidium was spherical in shape with numerous cilia, and its surface was covered with long cilia, tuberclelike projections with millet-like processes, and small holes. The body surface of procercoid was covered with numerous pointed microtriches except that of frontal pit with stout spine-like ones. However that of cercomer was covered with somewhat sparse blunt-tiped microtriches. Plerocercoids of 3 days old resembled the mature procercoid in shape, and their frontal pits were covered with numerous stout spine-like microtriches. However frontal pit and body surface in more than 5 days old ones were covered with conoid microtriches. On the surface of adult scolex, hairly long filamentous and stout short microtriches were mixedly distributed. Filamentous microtriches were more densely distributed in the anterior portion than in the posterior of scolex. The neck and immature proglottid were covered with only stout short conoid microtriches. In TEM view of coracidia, embryophore and oncosphere were obviously distinguished. The embryophore contained numerous glycogen particles, mitochondria and lipid granules. The cilia on the surface of embryophore rooted in the coracidial sheath, and consisted of 9 pairs of microtubules and 2 core complex. The oncosphere was covered with a thin and unarmed tegument, and was multi-nucleated. The protoplasmic layer of procercoid and plerocercoid consisted of disc-shaped bodies, vacuoles and mitochondria. Their tegumental cells commonly retained a nucleus, granular endoplasmic reticulums and secretory granules. The protoplasmic layer of plerocercoid was more compacted than that of procercoid. From the above results, it was confirmed that the tegumental ultrastructures are something different according to the developmental stages of S. erinacei.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.277-294
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• 2001

Four new and two known species of soil nematodes belonging the order Dorylaimida are described and illustrated. Discolaimium gyeongiens n. sp. is 1.6~1.7 mm long, c=37~41, odontostyle 19~21$\mu\textrm{m}$ long and is characterized by having wider lip region and very short prerectum. Aporcelaimellus donghwaens n. sp. is 2.8~2.9mm long, c=40.0~4.5, odontostyle 19~20$\mu\textrm{m}$ long and is characterized by possessing shorter odontophore, presence of cardiac disc and conoid tail. Labronema korandus n. sp. is 2.2~2.3 mm long, c=68~81, odontostyle 27~28$\mu\textrm{m}$, spicule 61$\mu\textrm{m}$ long and is characterized by having continuous lip region, circular vulva and cylindrical tail. Zalophidera longus n. sp. is 4.1~4.4mm long, c=107~130, spear 80~93$\mu\textrm{m}$ long and is characterized by large sized body, spear and spear extension. Discolaimoides bulbiferous and Diphtherophora communis were reported here for the first time in Korea.