• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1996

Extracts from bark have been studied with a view to producing water-proof wood adhesives. Lately many softwoods, such as radiata pine from New Zealand and larch from Siberia, Russia, have been imported and utilized, and their residual barks would be expecting as potential raw materials for something useful chemicals. The great effort toward utilization of bark extractives as a chemical feedstock has been made on a worldwide level. However few report has been done for the utilization of tree bark extractives in Korea. Hot-water extracts were prepared from barks of Japanese larch(Larix leptolepis). Siberian larch(Larix gmelinii) and Radiata pine(Pinus radiata). The effect of various factors, such as particle size, liquor ratio, extraction temperature, and reaction time, on the extractive yields was discussed. Particle sizes affected the hot-water extractives: the finer the particle size, the higher extractives and extract efficiency. Higher temperature and higher liquor ratio were more effective. Extractives from Japanese larch were relatively less than those from Siberian larch and Radiata pine barks. Formaldehyde precipitates was the highest in extractives of Radiata pine barks. It could be concluded that Siberian larch bark was the best raw material for tannin adhesives, because its extractive yield was higher than those of the other barks.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.72-76
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• 1991

The new preparative separation techneque of dihydroquercetin (2, 3-trans-dihdroxy-3, 3', 4', 5, 7-pentahydroxydihydroflavonol) was investigated by liquid chromatography. Also some typical coniferous wood bark were examined for the sources of dihydroquercetin. The good sources of dihydroquercetin were Douglas-fir[Pseudotsuga menziesii] bark and pitch pine [Pinus rigida] bark. There is no dependance the produced place and species dihyroquercetin which is separated by silica-gel column chromatography was taken with white needle-like crystals. This crystals were very stable in the humidity and on the light. It also can stored very long without derivatives.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.23-27
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• 1997

Alkali-soluble extracts were prepared from barks of Japanese larch(Larix leptolepis). Siberian larch(Larix gmelineii) and Radiata pine(Pinus radiata) The effect of various factors, such as particle size, liquor ratio, extraction temperature, and reaction time, on the extracts yield was investigated. Particle sizes affected the alkali-soluble extracts; the finer the particle size, the higher extracts and extract efficiency. High temperature and high liquor ratio were more effective. In the range of 0.25% to 1% NaOH concentration, alkali extracts were increased with the increasing alkali concentration. However, extract yields were leveled off above 0.5% alkali concentration. Extractions with NaHCO3 were almost equivalent to those of NaOH extraction. 1% NaOH and 1% NaHCO3 resulted in the highest yields of alkaline extracts. Extracts from Japanese larch were lower than those from Siberian larch and Radiata pine barks. Siberian larch bark was the best raw material for tannin adhesives, because its extractive yield was higher than those of the other barks. Concerning pH of alkaline media during extraction, small increases of the extract yields were resulted at range of pH 7 to pH 9, while a large increases from pH 9.0 to pH 12. This phenomenon is attributed to higher alkalinity.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.619-624
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• 2011

The calorific value is the most significant factor in woody biomass utilization. We measured the calorific value by the wood parts (debarked parts and bark) and moisture content for 3 major tree species (Larix kaempferi, Pinus koraiensis, and Pinus rigida). Results showed that the calorific value decreased exponentially as the moisture content increased regardless of tree species and the wood parts. The bark had higher calorific values than woody parts (de-barked parts). In addition, Pinus koraiensis had the highest calorific values among 3 study species.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.73-79
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• 1991

The flavonoids from plants is very widly used as natural dye for food and medicine etc. In this study, red pine which is widespread in Korea was studied to find new chemicals which may use as raw material for the special purpose. The fIavonoids of red pine bark were separated with Sephadex LH-20 and Toyo pearl HW-40F as packed materials and the structure of separated f1avonoids was determined by $^1H$-and $^{13}C$-NMR spectroscopy. The (+) catechin which is widespread in nature and dihydroquercetin-3'-0-${\beta}$-galactoside were found in red pine bark. The dihydroquercetin-3'-0-${\beta}$-galactoside is newly found in this species.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제71권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 1985

충청지역(忠淸地域)에서 조림(造林)되고 있는 주요(主要) 침엽수림(針葉樹林) 수피이용(樹皮利用)의 개선(改善)에 필요(必要)한 기초(基礎)를 얻고자 소나무, 리기다소나무, 잣나무 및 낙엽송 수피(樹皮)의 일반적(一般的) 조성분(組成分)과 수피율(樹皮率) 및 발숙량(發熟量)을 조사분석(調査分析)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1) 수피(樹皮)는 목재(木材)에 비(比)하여 추출물(抽出物)과 lignin 함유량(含有量)이 많다. 그리고 잣나무수피(樹皮)는 낙엽송, 소나무 및 리기다소나무보다 alcohol-benzene 추출물량(抽出物量)이 가장 많았다. 또한 pentosan 함유량(含有量)은 목재(木材)에 비(比)하여 수피(樹皮)가 일반적(一般的)으로 적지만 낙엽송수피(樹皮)에서는 도리어 많았다. 2) 수피(樹皮)의 pH는 3.5~4.1의 범위를 보이고 일반적(一般的)으로 목재(木材)보다 더 산성(酸性)이었다. 그리고 수피(樹皮)의 회분(灰分) 함유량(含有量)은 1.98~2.78%로 목재(木材)에 비(比)하여 월등히 많았다. 3) 수피율(樹皮率)은 원목체적(原木體積)의 13.9~19.8%를 점(占)하고 있으며 수피(樹皮)의 발숙량(發熟量)은 목재(木材)보다 높았다. 그리고 수종별(樹種別) 수피(樹皮)의 발숙량(發熟量)이 높은 순(順)으로는 잣나무(5,504 kcal/kg), 리기다소나무, 낙엽송 및 소나무이었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제94권5호통권162호
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• pp.302-306
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• 2005

Litterfall and nutrient inputs were measured in even-aged coniferous plantations (a 31-year-old Pinus rigida and a 31-year-old Larix leptolepis) on a similar site condition in the Forest Practice Research Center, Gyeonggi Province. Litterfall was collected monthly from circular littertraps (collecting area: $0.50m^2$) for three years between April 1997 and February 2000. Average total annual litterfall was significantly higher for pine (5,802 kg/ha/yr) than for larch (4,562 kg/ha/yr) plantations. Needle litter in both plantations accounted for about 63% of total litterfall. Litterfall in the larch was distributed as follows: needle > other leaf > branch > miscellaneous > bark, while it was needle > miscellaneous > other leaf > branch > bark in the pine plantation. There was no temporal variation in needle litter, other leaf and bark during the 3 year study period. The concentrations of all nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) in needle litter were significantly higher in the larch than in the pine plantations. The annual nutrient concentration of needle litter in the larch varied among the years, whereas no year variation of needle litter was in the pine except for phosphorus (P). Nitrogen (N) and P inputs by needle litter were significantly higher for larch than for pine plantations established on a similar soil. The differences in N and P inputs were attributed to lower nutrient concentration in pine needle litter compared with larch needle litter, not to total needle litter mass. Annual inputs of nutrient in both plantations were not significantly different among years except for K of the larch although there was yearly different in needlefall mass and nutrient concentration during the 3-year observed period. The results indicate that the mechanisms of litterfall and nutrient inputs vary considerably between pine and larch plantations established on a similar site condition.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1990

소련의 시베리아 지방(地方)에서 생육(生育)하고 있는 주요(主要) 침엽수재(針葉樹材)인 가문비나무(Picea jezoensis), 북양전나무(Abies sachaliensis), 잣나무 (Pinus karaiensis), 구주소나무(Pinus sylvetris) 및 북양낙엽송 (Larix gmelini)에 대하여 가도관(假導管)의 길이, 그리고 방사조직(放射組織)의 높이와 밀도(密度)의 출현상태(出現狀態) 및 변이(變異)를 조사하였으며 그것을 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1) 가도관(假導管)의 길이는 잣나무가 가장 길며(평균 $3550{\mu}$), 그 다음이 북양전나무와 북양낙엽송(각각 $3440{\mu}$)이고, 가문비나무가 약 $2900{\mu}$으로 가장 짧았다. 또한 한국산(韓國産) 침엽수재(針葉樹材)보다 다소 긴 경향(傾向)이 있다. 2) 일반적(一般的)으로 가도관(假導管)의 길이는 심재부(心材部)보다도 변재부(邊材部)에서, 또한 조재부(早材部)보다도 만재부(晩材部)에서 더 긴 경향(傾向)을 나타내고 있다. 3) 방사조직(放射組織)의 높이는 북양낙엽송이 가장 높고(14.5세포고(細胞高)), 그 다음이 가문비나무와 구주소나무(약 13.5세포고(細胞高))이며, 잣나무가 9.7세포고(細胞高)로 가장 낮았으며, 한국산(韓國産) 침엽수재(針葉樹材)보다는 높은 경향(傾向)이 있었다. 4) 방사조직(放射組織)의 높이는 수심부(髓心部)에 가까운 젊은 영계(令階)에서는 낮고 수피부(樹皮部)로 향(向)하여 높아지는 경향이 있다. 5) 횡단면(橫斷面)에서 접선방향(接線方向) 1mm내(內)에 함유(含有)되는 방사조직밀도(放射組織密度)는 북양낙엽송과 가문비나무가 7.9와 8.3개(個)로 가장 많으며, 북양전나무가 7.1, 그리고 잣나무와 구주 소나무가 6.1~6.2개(個)로 가장 적었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.115-118
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• 1997

When the light metals such as $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ were added to heavy metal solution, the adsorption of heavy metals was increased by 20 to 30% more, but there were no differences between species. $Pb^{++}$ was the most adsorbed metal(99.5%), and the adsorption ratio of $Cd^{++}$ was significantly improved. In addition, when the light metal concentration was increased to 100ppm, the adsoption ratios of all four heavy metals were reached to 92 to 99%, while coniferous barks showed only 85 to 92%. On the mixture of four heavy metals, the adsorbed amount of each metal was significantly reduced, compared with that of one heavy metal, while $Zn^{++}$ showed the adsorption improvement to 95%. On the column experiment, $Pb^{++}$ was almost completely adsorbed in the upper part of column, and the adsorbed amount of $Cu^{++}$ was gradually decreased depending on column depth. However, $Cd^{++}$ and $Zn^{++}$ were not influenced by column height, and constantly adsorbed on various column height. Based on the above results, each heavy metal had different adsorption mechanism.

• 임산에너지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2002

침엽수 잎으로부터 정유를 생산하고 남는 폐잔사의 이용도를 구명하고자 소나무, 잣나무, 편백 및 화백을 이용하여 음식물찌거기와 혼합하여 퇴비화 및 조사료화를 시도하였다. 폐유기물인 음식물찌거기를 효율적으로 발효시키기 위하여 미생물균주원을 탐색하여 돈분퇴비 등으로부터 고온호기성 박테리아 및 방선균을 선발하여 혼합균주를 대량배양 하였다. 이를 음식물찌거기, 정유 잔사와 혼합하여 부숙과정을 거쳐 퇴비화를 시도하였으며 작물이용시험에 의한 양질 퇴비 여부를 판단하였다. 또한 발효 후 남는 잔사에 대한 조사료로서 이용 가능성 여부를 타진하기 위하여 영양성 평가 및 소화율을 분석하였다.