• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.1-6
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• 1996

Extracts from bark have been studied with a view to producing water-proof wood adhesives. Lately many softwoods, such as radiata pine from New Zealand and larch from Siberia, Russia, have been imported and utilized, and their residual barks would be expecting as potential raw materials for something useful chemicals. The great effort toward utilization of bark extractives as a chemical feedstock has been made on a worldwide level. However few report has been done for the utilization of tree bark extractives in Korea. Hot-water extracts were prepared from barks of Japanese larch(Larix leptolepis). Siberian larch(Larix gmelinii) and Radiata pine(Pinus radiata). The effect of various factors, such as particle size, liquor ratio, extraction temperature, and reaction time, on the extractive yields was discussed. Particle sizes affected the hot-water extractives: the finer the particle size, the higher extractives and extract efficiency. Higher temperature and higher liquor ratio were more effective. Extractives from Japanese larch were relatively less than those from Siberian larch and Radiata pine barks. Formaldehyde precipitates was the highest in extractives of Radiata pine barks. It could be concluded that Siberian larch bark was the best raw material for tannin adhesives, because its extractive yield was higher than those of the other barks.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.72-76
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• 1991

The new preparative separation techneque of dihydroquercetin (2, 3-trans-dihdroxy-3, 3', 4', 5, 7-pentahydroxydihydroflavonol) was investigated by liquid chromatography. Also some typical coniferous wood bark were examined for the sources of dihydroquercetin. The good sources of dihydroquercetin were Douglas-fir[Pseudotsuga menziesii] bark and pitch pine [Pinus rigida] bark. There is no dependance the produced place and species dihyroquercetin which is separated by silica-gel column chromatography was taken with white needle-like crystals. This crystals were very stable in the humidity and on the light. It also can stored very long without derivatives.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 1997

Alkali-soluble extracts were prepared from barks of Japanese larch(Larix leptolepis). Siberian larch(Larix gmelineii) and Radiata pine(Pinus radiata) The effect of various factors, such as particle size, liquor ratio, extraction temperature, and reaction time, on the extracts yield was investigated. Particle sizes affected the alkali-soluble extracts; the finer the particle size, the higher extracts and extract efficiency. High temperature and high liquor ratio were more effective. In the range of 0.25% to 1% NaOH concentration, alkali extracts were increased with the increasing alkali concentration. However, extract yields were leveled off above 0.5% alkali concentration. Extractions with NaHCO3 were almost equivalent to those of NaOH extraction. 1% NaOH and 1% NaHCO3 resulted in the highest yields of alkaline extracts. Extracts from Japanese larch were lower than those from Siberian larch and Radiata pine barks. Siberian larch bark was the best raw material for tannin adhesives, because its extractive yield was higher than those of the other barks. Concerning pH of alkaline media during extraction, small increases of the extract yields were resulted at range of pH 7 to pH 9, while a large increases from pH 9.0 to pH 12. This phenomenon is attributed to higher alkalinity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.619-624
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• 2011

The calorific value is the most significant factor in woody biomass utilization. We measured the calorific value by the wood parts (debarked parts and bark) and moisture content for 3 major tree species (Larix kaempferi, Pinus koraiensis, and Pinus rigida). Results showed that the calorific value decreased exponentially as the moisture content increased regardless of tree species and the wood parts. The bark had higher calorific values than woody parts (de-barked parts). In addition, Pinus koraiensis had the highest calorific values among 3 study species.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.73-79
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• 1991

The flavonoids from plants is very widly used as natural dye for food and medicine etc. In this study, red pine which is widespread in Korea was studied to find new chemicals which may use as raw material for the special purpose. The fIavonoids of red pine bark were separated with Sephadex LH-20 and Toyo pearl HW-40F as packed materials and the structure of separated f1avonoids was determined by $^1H$-and $^{13}C$-NMR spectroscopy. The (+) catechin which is widespread in nature and dihydroquercetin-3'-0-${\beta}$-galactoside were found in red pine bark. The dihydroquercetin-3'-0-${\beta}$-galactoside is newly found in this species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.71 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 1985

In this study, the vegetation of Pinus densiflora S. et Z., Pinus regida Miller, Pinus koraiensis S. et Z., and Larix kaempferi Satgent (major conifers) stands planted in the Chungcheong-province was investigated to obtain the fundamental informations for the improvement of coniferous barks utilization. The results may be summarized as follows; 1) Barks are much richer in quantity of extractives and lignin than the corresponding wood. Alcohol-benzene extractives of Pinus koraiensis barks are the highest among others. Pentosan contents are lower in the bark than in the wood, but pentosan contents of the Larix kaempferi bark is the highest among others. 2) Barks are acid in nature, and PH values of barks varying from 3.5 to 4.1 are lower than that of wood. The ash contents of barks are greater than the corresponding wood. 3) A bark comprises from 13.9 to 19.8 percents of a typical log by volume. The calorific values are higher in the barks than in the wood, and calorific values of Pinus koraiensis barks are the highest among others.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.5 s.162
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• pp.302-306
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• 2005

Litterfall and nutrient inputs were measured in even-aged coniferous plantations (a 31-year-old Pinus rigida and a 31-year-old Larix leptolepis) on a similar site condition in the Forest Practice Research Center, Gyeonggi Province. Litterfall was collected monthly from circular littertraps (collecting area: $0.50m^2$) for three years between April 1997 and February 2000. Average total annual litterfall was significantly higher for pine (5,802 kg/ha/yr) than for larch (4,562 kg/ha/yr) plantations. Needle litter in both plantations accounted for about 63% of total litterfall. Litterfall in the larch was distributed as follows: needle > other leaf > branch > miscellaneous > bark, while it was needle > miscellaneous > other leaf > branch > bark in the pine plantation. There was no temporal variation in needle litter, other leaf and bark during the 3 year study period. The concentrations of all nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) in needle litter were significantly higher in the larch than in the pine plantations. The annual nutrient concentration of needle litter in the larch varied among the years, whereas no year variation of needle litter was in the pine except for phosphorus (P). Nitrogen (N) and P inputs by needle litter were significantly higher for larch than for pine plantations established on a similar soil. The differences in N and P inputs were attributed to lower nutrient concentration in pine needle litter compared with larch needle litter, not to total needle litter mass. Annual inputs of nutrient in both plantations were not significantly different among years except for K of the larch although there was yearly different in needlefall mass and nutrient concentration during the 3-year observed period. The results indicate that the mechanisms of litterfall and nutrient inputs vary considerably between pine and larch plantations established on a similar site condition.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1990

This study was performed to investigate the variation of tracheid length, ray spacing per mm and ray height of major coniferous woods (Picea jezoensis, Abies sachaliensis, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestris and larix gmelini)grown at Sivelian forest of USSR. The results of the study are as follows: 1. The averaged mean values of tracheid length are respectively $3550{\mu}$ on Pinus koraiensis, $3440{\mu}$ on Abies sachaliensis and Larix gmelini, $2900{\mu}$ on Picea jezoensis, and generally this values of Sivelian coniferous wood are more longer than Korean samewood. 2. The tracheid length on sapwood is more larger than heartwood and this values on latewood are also larger than earlywood. 3. The averaged mean values of ray height are respeetively 14.5 on Larix gmelini, 13.5 on Picea jezoensis and Pinus sylvestris, 9.7 on Pinus koraiensis, and this values of Sivelian coniferous wood are more larger than Korean samewood. 4. Ray height is comparatively small near the pith and tend to be increased to bark of wood. 5. The avereged values of ray spacing per mm are respectily 7.9-8.3 on Larix gmelini and Picea jezoensis, 7.1 on Abies sachaliensis, and 6.1-6.2 on Pinus koraiensis and Pinus sylvestris.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.115-118
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• 1997

When the light metals such as $Ca^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ were added to heavy metal solution, the adsorption of heavy metals was increased by 20 to 30% more, but there were no differences between species. $Pb^{++}$ was the most adsorbed metal(99.5%), and the adsorption ratio of $Cd^{++}$ was significantly improved. In addition, when the light metal concentration was increased to 100ppm, the adsoption ratios of all four heavy metals were reached to 92 to 99%, while coniferous barks showed only 85 to 92%. On the mixture of four heavy metals, the adsorbed amount of each metal was significantly reduced, compared with that of one heavy metal, while $Zn^{++}$ showed the adsorption improvement to 95%. On the column experiment, $Pb^{++}$ was almost completely adsorbed in the upper part of column, and the adsorbed amount of $Cu^{++}$ was gradually decreased depending on column depth. However, $Cd^{++}$ and $Zn^{++}$ were not influenced by column height, and constantly adsorbed on various column height. Based on the above results, each heavy metal had different adsorption mechanism.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2002

The essential oil free needles, which were left after distillation of essential oil from various coniferous needles, were fermented with food waste organics in order to use as compost and roughage. Microorganisms for the fermentation were selected from domestic sources such as swine compost, bark compost, and kimchi, etc, and consisted of aerothermophilic bacteria and actinomycetes. The weight reduction ratio of food waste organics treated with the microorganisms was 90% after 30 days treatment, and the fermentation temperature was kept at approximately $45^{\circ}C$. The compost process was really slow due to chemical compounds derived from needles, and it finally took 60 days for complete compost. When 10% of needle compost was mixed with soil for radish growth, the growth indicators such as leaf length and root weight were increased compared with control, while root weight, root width, and root length were inhibited on the addition of 20% needle compost. The nutrient value and digestibility ratio of various essential oil free needles as roughage for ruminant animals were evaluated. The ratio of crude protein for essential oil free needles from Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) was 10.02%, which was higher than those of rice straw(5.48%) and corn(9.00%). The digestibility ratios of essential oil free needles from Sawara cypress(Chamaecwaris pislfera), Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis), and Japanese Red Pine(Pinus densiflora) was 53%, 34%, 34%, respectively, indicating that those essential oil free needles were considered as excellent roughage.