• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.47
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• pp.101-129
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• 2017

This paper presupposes that the reason for the development of Guanyu's anthropolatry as a cultural phenomenon is derived from, along with Guanyu's loyalism and valor, the people's physiological effects longing for the emergence of a hero, and is closely linked with religious activities to provide the justification of their belief system. Based on this, the purpose of this paper is to study how major religions that is, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism take the courses of Guanyu's anthropolatry to their religious advantage and how Guanyu-god is applied to roots in Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. In Buddhism, it succeeded in the settlement by upgrading it to jialan-shen that guarded the Buddhist temple, while in Taoism, it was used as a guardian of the san-jie-fu-mo-da-di that chased the almighty devil and deviated from the disaster and suffering. In Confucianism, it was connected to Guanyu's Confucian-commander image to that of chun-qiu-da-yi of kongzi. That is, by symbolizing Guanyu as God of Martial Power and War depending on the country, it was used as a means of governance to establish rules and order.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.313-340
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• 2004

Namhansan fortress of Kwangju in Kyonggi Province has remained a traumatic historical landscape of Manchu invasion in the year 1636. Skirted by the mountain fortress and on the ground of the uplifted flatland was the county seat which was relocated in 16Z7 from Kogol at the underneath ravine and later removed in 1917 to a crossroad place at the low-lying river plain. Once a secluded mountain village, Sungnaedong was at the outset planned as a county town of Kwangju, achieving thereafter a dramatic transformation from a small town of three hundred households into a nascent urban settlement of approximately six hundred households by the mid-18th century. The townscape of Sungnaedong features shrines, a second palace, a magistrate-commander's office, administrative buildings, and a periodic marketplace which were all decreed by the Neo-confucian template of the scheme of county seats. Townspeople managed to live on tilling tax-alleviated crop lands, trading merchandise, and selling their labor. Changing socio-economic situations led to the relocation of the administration center to the gateway village of Jumakri, which consequently heralded the decline of the mountain-fortress settlement of Sansungri at Namhansan.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.49
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• pp.325-355
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• 2012

This research aims to generalize the thoughts of military science of the intellectuals through the books on military arts and science, which were published in the early Joseon Dynasty. In the early Joseon dynasty, it was in a position to establish the foundation in the new monarch internally, and, at the same time, to overcome foreign powers on both northern and southern borders externally. Thus, the books on military arts and science should have to be published under a premise of such situations. Accordingly, the books on military arts and science of those days took account of political stability having reflected the activities not only as the founder of Joseon but also as the military officer in the late Goryeo along with the books' own purpose to found military arts and sciences. The books on military arts and science that published in the early Joseon Dynasty were written mostly based on Chinese military books and its annotations, except some descriptions of the history of war. However, the intellectuals at that time endeavored to redefine military arts and science from the perspective of Confucianism having evaluated Chinese military science books that were biased to boost Machiavellian tactics. As a result of this, the geographical distinctions between China and Korea were the start of an argument for the military arts and science. There were also disputes over the relationships between the military science and the Yin-Yang School, and between the military science and Confucian school. Organizing our country's own history of war for the first time in the early Joseon Dynasty is worth for putting a high evaluation. However, it cannot help but to point out the limits of the books that there are noticeable descriptions about the factors related to toadyism, and that there are no descriptions about the wars against Japanese raiders. The books on military arts and science in the early Joseon Dynasty put emphasis on the commander's leadership that should be good at both literary and martial arts, as well as the harmony in military-to-military relations. After all, the intellectuals in the early Joseon Dynasty had linked the military arts and science to the sages of Confucian school under a premise that scholarship is to be used in combination with martial arts. And, as the nexus between the two, they noted the items of virtue, such as humaneness and righteousness (仁義); ritual and music (禮樂); loyalty and filial piety (忠孝); three fundamental principles (三綱); five moral disciplines (五倫). It can be said that this point is the typical features of the military arts and science in the early Joseon Dynasty, which cannot be found in Chinese military classics.