• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.47-80
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• 2018

Bosnia has a unique political and social structure of 'One State-Two Systems' according to the 'Dayton Peace Agreement'. It is true that since the end of the 1995 civil war, the problem of nation and peace in Bosnia has been attracted by the broad concept of Europe as a whole, beyond the local dimension of the Balkans. Bosnia is a typical 'Mosaic of Religion and Culture' region in Europe. And Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, where various religious and cultural features of Europe are gathered, is called 'Jerusalem in Europe'. For this reason Bosnia has repeated a history of cultural and religious conflict since the Middle Ages. However, before the civil war in the late 20th century, the nations in Bosnia also had experience of 'harmony among various nations, religions and cultures of East and West'. The international community, including the EU, has paid attention to this point as it promotes Bosnia's reconstruction and peace settlement. And these are working to restore the history of harmony among nations in Bosnia today. In the past, research on Bosnia has focused primarily on national conflicts between religions and cultures. However, in this study, I will try to analyze the practical cases of peace settlement and harmony among nations in Bosnia as follows: First, 'Bosnia's accession to the EU' which means active intervention and continued interest of the international community. Second, 'the resolution of war crimes and liquidation of past history' through the end of ICTY mission in December 2017. And third, 'reflection of international society and historical reconciliation of Serbia' through the reinterpretation of the Srebrenica massacre.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.21-40
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• 1980

In order to take cue of the dying persons and their survivors in a more positive and affirmative atti-tube. and to understand the valuable meaning of and dying. a survey was performed to 550 cases of health care personnels including 116 nursing students. 238 medical students. 137 nurses. and 59 doctors. Samplings were made through census Procedure from the entire group of medical and nursing students in College of Medicine. Chung-Ang University. and of licenced nurses and doctors in Chung-Ang University Hospital. and in Han-Gang Sacred Heart Hospital from the first to the end of march. 1980. These collected data were computerized at KIST by SPSS programming and were statistically analyzed by chi-square test. Through content analysis of the word associated with death and descriptive analysis of the death-re-lated variables. the following conclusion in is reached. First. Total numbers of death-word percieved by health care personnels were 198 kinds. Among them, 40 kinds of words associated with death were responded from than 1% of the total. As to the 10 death related word responded by free word association method. it was revealed that individual average number of death related word was 7.70 word. which came from higher number of words in the senior students (8.96 word) or the graduates (8.10 word) compared with the freshman (6.84 word). Second. In Content specific analysis of the death related word. more frequently perceived types summarized as the following order; the affective context of death. the diseases. the disasters. the religion, the funeral ceremonies. the separation, the drakness. and the life. Third. The most prevalent 10 words associated with death which the the respondents gave response to the the first recalling word. were as following o order； the dieases. the sadness, the vanity. the darkness, the frustration. the suicide. the incurable dieases, the graves. the dead. and the catastrophes. By sex, the diease is outstanding in females, but the vanity is in males. By occupation. the vanity and the dead was frequently observed in student group including senior students. while the incurable dieases presented by doctors. Fourth. In health care personnels. the first perceived ages of death were 11.47 $\pm$3.33 years (8.14- 15.80 years). Among them. senior students were inclined to percept death at the earliest age of life (11.28years). while doctors and nurses perceived death later in their life (12.98 years). Fifth, It is revealed in this survey that the most frequently responded death perceiving motives by health care personnels ar“psychological conflict”and“death of those around them”. Death perceiving motives can be classified in two factors; personality and life circumstances. Sixth It is of interest that only 11.3% health care personnels was found to feel death as inevitable or acceptable event. whereas 58.3% deny or reject it.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.217-248
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• 2018

This paper reviews the Supreme Court of Japan in Decision of December 12, 2017, 2016 (Kyo) 43 (2011) concerning arbitrator's duty of disclosure and reasonable investigation under the Japan Arbitration Act (Arbitration Act). The Supreme Court of Japan recently issued a precedential decision interpreting, for the first time, the arbitrator disclosure requirements of the Arbitration Act. Under Article 18(4) of the Arbitration Act, arbitrators have an ongoing obligation to disclose circumstances which may give rise to justifiable doubts as to their impartiality or independence. The Supreme Court held that Article 18(4) of the Arbitration Act - requiring arbitrators to disclose all "facts likely to give rise to doubts as to his/her impartiality or independence" - (1) is not satisfied by blanket disclosures or advance waivers of potential future conflicts, and (2) requires disclosure of facts both known to an arbitrator or "that can be normally ascertained by an investigation that is reasonably possible${\cdots}$" This new standard presents opportunities and challenges for enforcing arbitration awards in Japan, and suggests measures that both arbitrators and parties can use to protect their awards. Also, the Supreme Court's new standards for evaluating arbitrator conflict disclosures suggest some measures that both arbitrators and parties to arbitration in Japan can take to protect the enforceability of their awards. The key factual question posed by the Supreme Court's ruling was whether an arbitrator's conflicts check was reasonable. Maintaining records regarding a review of potential conflicts or any investigation provides a ready source of proof in case of a future challenge. The Supreme Court has spoken clearly that so-called advance waivers of potential conflicts are not effective under Japanese law. Instead, to the extent that potential conflicts arise during the course of arbitration, they should be specifically disclosed.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.649-665
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• 2018

In this study, we extracted the core competencies of makers through the analysis of critical incident technique and behavioral event interview to explore the nature and attributes of maker education, and then we developed a maker competency model based on these core competencies. As a result, six competency groups and 23 sub-competencies were extracted. In other words, we were able to confirm the existence of integrated thinking competency group consisting of four competencies made up of 'analytic thinking', 'intuitive thinking', 'visual thinking', and 'empirical thinking' and that of collaborative competency group with four competencies of 'sharing', 'communication', 'conflict management', and 'scrupulosity'. In addition, we could also confirm the existence of making mind competency group, which is composed of four competencies namely 'interest in various areas', 'challenge consciousness', 'failure management', and 'pleasure of the making process'. We could also confirm that human-centered competence group consisting of two competencies of 'humanity' and 'user-oriented' and the problem-finding competence group consisting of two competencies of 'observation' and 'recognition of discomfort in daily life'. Lastly, the making practice competency group is composed of seven competencies: 'understanding making tool', 'understanding electricity', 'understanding programming', 'planning', 'hand knowledge', 'information search', and 'direct execution'. We discussed educational implications of these findings.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.16
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• pp.168-206
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• 2001

This study attempts to examine the relationships between the major market-based media and the government after closing military regime era, 1961-1987. After the military regime was collapsed, while the mass media in Korea obtained independence and autonomy from government, they have been confronted with the terrible competition not so much comparatively as before. The watchdog role in the traditional liberalism, which is regarded as normative relationship between the media and the government would be transformed in accordance with the market condition and the maturity of democracy. Thus, the watchdog metaphor has been variously deviated in rower-centered society; lap dog, guard dog, attack dog. liberalists argue that the primary democratic role of the media is to art as a public watchdog overseeing the state. Social democrats, however, criticize them as simplistic conception which could be only applied to the government. They argue that the media should be seen as a source of redress against the abuse of all forms of power over others; the home, the economy, and the civil society. The lap dog view is that the media is overwhelmingly dependent on the established power structure contrary to the watchdog. While the guard dog perspective is a means to preserve the power structure alarming with playing 'conflict role', the attack do8 aims to the private interest of the media in intruding into the politics. The attack dog perspective by T. Patterson could be composed of the interpretive style of report, the game schema report over the policy schema in the election, and the negativism against politics and government. The market-dominant press has been likely to transform from lap-guard dog into attack-guard dog. In Roh Tae Woo government(1988-1992), while the press was a lessened lap-guard dog before three parties merger in 1990, after merger the press had been transformed as the reinforced lap-guard dog because this merger entailed joint, party-to-party negotiations, and the formation of the new party preceded by dissolution of the ruling blot. In the early stage of Kim Young Sam government(1993-1997), the press has kept in pace with the reform movement drive-forced by the government. However, the press withdrew the support of Kim's reform in reaching the level of threat to ruling bloc. The press coalesced only circumstantially with government and was interested in preserving some margin of independence. The failure of Kim's reform proved the political muscle of the press in post-autho-ritarianism. In the middle stage of Kim Dae Jung government (1998-) that resulted in the shift of power structure as once-opposition party leader, the stress has been a manifested attack-guard dog owing to the anti-cold war policy, the realignment policy of power, and the minority-base of Kim's government. The press has endeavored to hold political communication within limits relatively less threatening to the established order.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.83-98
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate how college students perceive social economics as a young age, This study was conducted three times at intervals of two weeks with five college students who are engaged in SEN club activities in Seoul, Korea. To achieve the purpose of the study, a participatory practice research technique called Photovoice qualitative research method was used. Participants in the main topic of social economy were selected by the participants as 'Social economy is', 'SEN for me' and 'My future career'. Respectively. The results of the study are as follows. First, the research students of the study group have taken pictures of the social economy in terms of 'diversity', 'consideration', 'cooperation', 'cooperation', 'help' and 'conflict of interest'. Second, the students participating in the research semantics mean the pictures taken with 'enjoyment', 'happiness', 'hope', 'community', 'sense of belonging' and 'affection'. Third, the college students who participated in the study have taken the meaning of the pictures taken in the future, such as 'clumsiness', 'what they want to do', 'career towards the public'. Finally, in-depth interviews on the career paths of graduates reveal that it is not easy to advance into a social economic organization. The results of this study provide the practical guidelines where the curriculums needed for the entrepreneurship education at graduate schools by suggesting consistency for the systematic and comprehensive curriculum design. It was reflected the survey result from the graduate students taking the entrepreneurship subjects. Therefore, it will contribute the foundation of the present curriculum of Entrepreneurial Graduate School.

• The Journal of KAIRB
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.36-41
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate how university hospital Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) in Korea classify risk when reviewing clinical trial protocols. Methods: IRB experts (IRB chairman, vice chairman, IRB administrator) in the university hospitals obtaining a Human research protection program (HRPP) or IRB accreditation in Korea were asked to fill out the Google Survey from September 1, 2020 to October 10, 2020. Result: Among the 23 responder hospitals, 8 were accredited by the American Association for Human Research Protection Program (AAHRPP) and 8 were accredited by the HRPP of Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS). Seven were accredited by Forum for Ethical Review Committees in Asia and the Western Pacific or Korea National Institution for Bioethics Policy. Thirteen of 23 hospitals (56.5%) had 4 levels (less than minimal, low, moderate, high risk), 4 hospitals had 3 levels (less than, slightly over, over than minimal risk), 1 hospital had 5 levels (4 levels plus required data safety monitoring board), and 1 hospital had 2 levels (less than, over than minimal risk) risk classification system. Thirteen of 23 hospitals (56.5%) had difficulty classifying the risk levels of research protocols. Fourteen hospitals (60.9%) responded that different standards among hospitals for risk level determination associated with clinical trials will affect the subject protection. Six hospitals (26.1%) responded that it will not. Three hospitals (13.0%) responded that it will affect the beginning of the clinical trial. To resolve differences in standards between hospitals, 14 hospitals (60.9%) responded that either the Korean Association of IRB or MFDS needs to provide a guideline for risk level determination in clinical trials: 5 hospitals (21.7%) responded education for IRB members and researchers is needed; 3 hospitals (13.0%) responded that difference among institutions needs to be acknowledged; and 1 hospital (4.3%) responded that there needs to be communication among IRB, investigator, and sponsor. Conclusion: After conducting a nationwide survey on how IRB in university hospital determines risk during review of clinical trials, it is reasonable to use 4-level risk classification (less than minimal, low, moderate, high risk); the most utilized method among hospitals. Moreover, personal information and conflict of interest associated with clinical trials have to be considered when reviewing clinical trial protocols.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.27-53
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• 2004

This paper analyzes the two cases of labor disputes (Hyundai Motor in 1998 and Power Generation Companies in 2002) in the period of restructuring, by applying the behavioral theory of labor negotiations as a comparative framework. The paper compares th backgrounds of the labor disputes, core issues, bargaining processes, and evolutionary patterns and consequences of the labor disputes at the two cases. The common features, found in the two dispute cases, are strong mistrust and exclusive bargaining attitude between labor unions and management, little feasibility of contract zone in bargaining proposals by the two parties, heteronomous dispute resolution by the intervention of the government, and the lack of learning effect gained from the experience of labor disputes. This comparative case study identifies that the confrontational labor-management relations at the firm level is re-produced by a regressive process of the following circulation: labor-management distrust $\rightarrow$ interest conflict in bargaining demand $\rightarrow$ exclusive bargaining attitude $\rightarrow$ the experience of antagonistic dispute $\rightarrow$ deepened distrust. In conclusion, four parties-labor unions, management, the government, and public press - are required to make much effort to replace the vicious circle of labor-management confrontation by a virtueous cycle of labor-management cooperation.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.219-265
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• 2018

Recently, interest in energy tranisition is rising. Energy transition requires active participation and cooperation of diverse stakeholders, including users / citizens, in that it requires not only changes in technological factors but also changes and coordination of various social factors. Living labs are attracting attention as one of the ways to do this. This article is a detailed analysis of the activities of the mini-PV living lab in the urban area from 2016 to 2017 at the Seoul, Sung Dae Goal. Through the Living Lab, mini PV DIY products, backup centers, local financial services, and the development of a variety of education and training strategies have been achieved. These activities and achievements were analyzed through questions raised on strategic, tactical, and operational levels, as well as through multi-level perspective and interaction between initiative, regime, and niche. In conclusion, this living lab activity confirmed the possibility of a 'transition lap' to solve social problems such as sustainability of energy production and utilization. In particular, it gained remarkable results in terms of the operational leves of transition management governance, that is, transition experiment, and it was also remarkable in that it was the initiative of citizens. However, it did not proceed without difficulty. In particular, structural problems such as the conflict between the flexibility inherent in living lab and the bureaucratic rigidity of the financial support organization have appeared. There was also a limitation that there was no 'transition field' on the strategic level necessary to replicate and expand strategic niches while spreading the knowledge gained from the transition experiment, forming the vision of transition.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2004

Backgrounds: It was thought that sport was related with mentality. Compared to psychology, psychiatry has so far paid rather little attention to athletes. In this overview, I attempted to introduce the ideas of various observers of sports with the view of clinical psychiatry and summarized basic principle role of psychiatrist. Results and Discussions : To understand the athletic frame of mind, it is helpful to observe athletes in their psychologic development and when we do so we can quickly see trends that are not apparent by observing mature athletes alone. Psychobiology of sport would discuss some of the endogenous neurochemicals(hormone, neurotransmitter) that may be part and parcel of the athlete's psychiatric status. The psychological problems that frequently interfere with training and competition may be divided into five categories 1) choke, 2) slump, 3) injury, 4) interpersonal problem, 5) training dilemma. Psychiatric problem also arise in athletes like general people. various method for psychiatric patients like psychotherapy, group therapy, family systems perspective, and pharmacotherapy could been applied to sports psychiatry. Conclusions Although the contribution of sports psychiatry to sport is clinical one, psychiatrist's interest in role and conflict of athlete would enhance the molding of humanistic athletes who enjoy their life and sports.