• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.83-93
• /
• 2021

Objectives: 'Confined space' was only defined in the Safety and Health Regulations as a place where oxygen deficiency and hydrogen sulfide must be dealt with at the time of the initial enactment (1982). The danger of fire and explosion were added in 2003. We will compare and review the regulations related to confined space work under the current safety and health rules alongside regulations in other countries and prepare a plan to improve the system through enhanced clarity and execution. Methods: In a comparison of systems for the prevention of suffocation in confined spaces in major countries (Germany, United States, Japan) different concepts of the definition of confined spaces in different countries apparently due to differences in each country's legal implementation system, accident analysis methods, the status of safety and health implementation in workplaces, the precautions against actual confined space work, and the definition of confined spaces were found to be not much different between Korea and the other foreign countries. Results: In the case of Germany and the United States, a confined space is defined as a contextual concept rather than a place, so more careful attention is needed from operators or enclosed space managers as it is often necessary to judge the actual workplace. In the case of Korea and Japan, the interior of the place is mainly defined as a place, especially in the case of Japan, which concentrates on oxygen deficiency and hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Conclusions: For measures to improve regulations on the prevention of suffocation accidents in Korea, I would like to propose three major measures to improve the system in the rules on domestic industrial safety and health standards. It is necessary to prepare and provide a guide to ensure that the 18 types of confined spaces currently defined as confined spaces are clearly understood by field management supervisors or workers.

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.1-5
• /
• 2017

밀폐된 거주공간에서 주성분이 메탄으로 이루어진 천연가스 누출은 가연성 분위기를 형성여 폭발사고로 이어진다. 밀폐공간에서 폭발을 일으키기 위한 최소 매탄 누출양은 혼합정도에 크게 의존한다. 본 논문에서는 가우스분포모델과 폭발실험에 근거하여 폭발 사고가 발생할 수 있는 최소한의 메탄 누출량을 예측하기 위한 방법을 제시하고자 한다. 밀폐공간에서 높이에 따라 가연성가스의 농도분포는 가우스분포를 가지는 것을 가정하여 연소범위에 있는 가스의 최대량을 예측하고, 일정한 부피에서 예측된 가스가 연소되어 단열 또는 등온 혼합과정을 통하여 최종 폭발압력을 예측할 수 있다. 폭발사고에 의한 건물의 피해 정도에 대응하는 최소가스 누출양을 예측할 수 있다. 연구결과 건물 내 밀폐공간에서 아주 적은 양의 메탄가스가 누출되어도 심각한 폭발사고를 일으킬 수 있다. 이는 안전장치 개발에 있어서 적절한 조치를 취하기 전에 최소허용 가스 누출량을 설정하는 것에 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 뿐 만 아니라 폭발사고 조사에도 활용 될 수 있다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
• /
• 제35권5호
• /
• pp.287-297
• /
• 2022

본 논문에서는 철계형상기억합금(Fe SMA) 스트립으로 능동구속된 콘크리트 기둥의 실험적, 해석적 연구결과를 제시한다. Fe SMA과 탄소섬유보강시트(CFRP)로 각각 구속된 콘크리트 공시체의 압축실험을 통해 형상기억합금 기반 능동구속기법의 효과성을 평가하였다. 실험결과, Fe SMA 스트립으로 구속된 콘크리트 공시체가 낮은 구속력에도 불구하고 CFRP 시트로 구속된 공시체에 비해 더 우수한 변형능력을 가지는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 실험을 통해 얻은 구속된 콘크리트의 압축거동 결과를 이용해 소성힌지 영역이 각각 Fe SMA 스트립과 CFRP 시트로 보강된 콘크리트 기둥의 유한요소모델을 구축하였다. 기존 수행된 콘크리트 기둥의 수평반복가력 실험결과를 바탕으로 구축된 기둥 모델을 검증하였고, 각각의 기둥 모델에 대한 수평반복가력 해석을 수행하였다. 해석결과, Fe SMA 스트립으로 보강된 콘크리트 기둥이 CFRP 시트로 보강된 기둥모델에 비해 변형, 에너지 소산능력 향상에 효과적임을 확인하였다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제26권4A호
• /
• pp.743-752
• /
• 2006

다축 응력 상태의 구속된 콘크리트는 구속되지 않은 콘크리트에 비해 강도가 크게 증가한다고 알려져 왔고, 많은 연구자들은 아직도 여러 분야에서 구속된 콘크리트에 대한 연구를 진행 중에 있다. 최근 FRP를 이용한 구속된 콘크리트에 대한 많은 연구가 진행 중에 있지만, FRP는 높은 강도에 비해 취성 재료여서 실제 구조물 적용에 많은 어려움이 있다. 본 연구에서는 높은 강도 및 연성을 갖는 강재로 구속된 콘크리트에 대하여 강재의 구속 강성이 콘크리트의 강도 증진 및 연성거동에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 51개의 시험체를 통해 비교 분석해 보았다. 이 실험을 통해 구속된 콘크리트의 강도 증진 효과 및 연성 거동이 뛰어나게 증가함을 확인하였다. 또한 실험 결과를 회귀분석하여 구속 강성이 콘크리트 응력-변형률 곡선에 미치는 영향을 고려한 CSS(원형 강재 구속 시험체)와 R4S(사각형 이방향 강재 구속 시험체)에 대한 응력-변형률 모델을 제안하였다.

• 콘크리트학회지
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.199-210
• /
• 1995

충전형 강관콘크리트 구조는 강관과 콘크리트 두 재료의 이질적인 재료특성을 상호 보완적으로 발휘하여 구조적 성능향상을 꾀한 것으로서 제구조 특성상 우수한 구조형식이라 할 수 있다. 강관으로 구속된 콘크리트가 중심축력을 받게 되면 내부의 콘크리트는 압괴에 의한 체적 팽창을 외부의 강관에 의해 구속 받게 되므로 3축 압축응력 상태로 되어 압축강도가 증대된다. 또한 콘크리트의 압괴에 의한 탈락 현상이 방지되므로서 단면의 결손이 없어져 내력 저하가 작아진다는 잇점을 가진다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 원형강관으로 구속된 내부 콘크리트의 구조적 거동 특성을 규명하기 위한 것으로서 폭두께비와 충전 콘크리트의 강도를 주요 변수로 하여 일련의 실험을 통하여 강관으로 구속(3축 응력)된 콘크리트의 구조적 거동 특성을 고찰하였다. 일련의 실험을 통하여 얻어진 결론을 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1)강관에 의한 콘크리트의 구속효과는 강관의 폭두께비와 충전 콘크리트의 강도가 낮을수록 현저하며, 원형강관으로 구속된 내부 콘크리트는 최대내력시의 변형능력에 있어서 횡방향 구속이 없는 콘크리트보다 4~7배 정도까지 증대시켜 연성효과를 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. (2)콘크리트의 구속계수를 이용하여 강관으로 구속된 내부 콘크리트의 강도와 콘트리트 충전강관 기둥의 최대내력을 산정할 수 있는 식을 제시하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제61권5호
• /
• pp.625-635
• /
• 2017

Sets of nonlinear formulations together with an energy-based damage index (DI) are proposed to model the behavior and quantify the damage of the confined and unconfined concretes under monotonic and cyclic loading. The proposed formulations and DI can be employed in numerical simulations to determine the stresses and the damages to the fibers or the layers within the sections of reinforced concrete (RC) components. To verify the proposed formulations, an adaptive finite element computer program was generated to simulate the RC structures subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading. By comparing the simulated and the experimental test results, on both the full-scale structural members and concrete cylindrical samples, the proposed uniaxial behavior modeling formulations for confined and unconfined concretes under monotonic and cyclic loading, based on an iterative process, were accordingly adjusted, and then validated. The proposed formulations have strong mathematical structures and can readily be adapted to achieve a higher degree of precision by improving the relevant coefficients based on more precise tests. To apply the proposed DI, the stress-strain data of concrete elements is required. It can easily be calculated by using the proposed nonlinear constitutive laws for confined and unconfined concretes in this paper.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전산구조공학회 2006년도 정기 학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.133-140
• /
• 2006

When concrete is confined triaxially, its strength and toughness are enhanced. Hoop reinforcements or transverse reinforcements laterally confine concrete in the case of a RC member and an outer tube confines concrete in a CFT(Concrete Filled Tube) member. But biaxially confined concrete. such as concrete in a hollow R.C member, does not have much enhanced strength and toughness. In this study, a new-type member. which is a hollow CFT member named as an ICH(Internally Confined Hollow) CFT member, was developed to overcome the low ductility of the hollow member and the high cost of the CFT member. A material nonlinear model for the concrete in an CFT member or an ICH CFT member was developed and coded as a computer program based on Mander's concrete model. Analysis results were verified with experimental results and the developed analysis model showed reasonable and accurate results.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.49-55
• /
• 2011

The main objective of this investigation is to study size effect on compressive strength of CFRP confined concrete cylinders subjected to axial compressive loading. In total 24 concrete cylinders with different sizes were tested, small specimens with a diameter of 100 mm and a height of 200 mm, medium specimens with a diameter of 200 mm and a height of 400 mm, and big specimens with a diameter of 300 mm and a height of 600 mm. The lateral confining pressure of each specimen is the same and from that hypothesis the small specimens were confined with one layer of CFRP, medium and big specimens were performed by two and three layers of CFRP respectively. Test results indicate a significant enhancement in compressive strength for all confined specimens, and moreover, the compressive strengths of small and medium specimens are almost the same while a bit lower for big specimens. These results permit to conclude that there is no size effect on compressive strength of confined specimens regardless of cylinder dimension.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지진공학회 1997년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집 Proceedings of EESK Conference-Fall 1997
• /
• pp.182-190
• /
• 1997

A new method to prevent reinforced concrete columns from brittle failure. The method is called transversely reinforcing method in which only the critical regions are confined in steel tube. The steel tubes can change the failure mode of the latter columns from the shear to the flexure. The steel tubes also increase the compressive strength, shear strength and deformation capacity of the infilled concrete. The following conclusions are reached on bases of the study on the seismic performance of the high-strength RC rectangualr short columns confined in steel tube with shear span tho depth ratio of 2.0 The brittle shear failure of high-strength reinforced concrete short columns with large amount of longitudinal bars, which cannot prevented by using the maximum amount of welded hoops, can be prevented by using the steel tube which confines all the maximum amount of welded hoops, can be prevented by using the steel tube which confines all the concrete inclusive of cover concrete. High-strength RC short columns confined in rectangular steel tube provided excellent enhancement of seismic performance but, found that plastic buckling of the steel tube in the hinge regions tended to occur when the columns were subjected to large cyclic lateral displacements. In order to prevent the plastic buckling when the columns lies on large on cyclic lateral displacements, the steel ribs were used for columns. Tests have established that the columns provide excellent enhancement of seismic performance of inadequately confined columns.

• KCI Concrete Journal
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.23-34
• /
• 2000

Experiments were carried out to investigate the seismic behaviors, such as lateral strength, ductility and energy-dissipation capacity. of high-strength concrete (HSC) square short column confined in thin steel shell. The primary objective of the study was to investigate the suitability of using HSC square columns confined in thin steel shell in region of moderate-to-high seismic risk. A total of six columns, consisting of two ordinarily reinforced concrete square short columns and four reinforced concrete square short columns confined in thin steel shell was tested. Column specimens, short columns in a moment resisting frame with girder. were tested under a constant axial and reversed cyclic lateral loads. To design the specimens. transverse reinforcing methods, level of axial load applied, and the steel tube width-thickness ratio (D/t) were chosen as main parameters. Test results were also discussed and compared in the light of improvements in general behaviors, ductility, and energy-absorption capacities. Compared to conventionally reinforced concrete columns, the HSC columns confined in thin steel shell had similar load-displacement hysteretic behavior but exhibited greater energy-dissipation characteristics . It is concluded that, in strong earthquake areas, the transverse reinforcing method by using a thin steel shell (D/t=125) is quite effective to make HSC short columns with very strong and ductile.