• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2023

Anatomical knowledge of the occipital condyle (OC) and its relationships to surrounding structures is important for avoiding injury during craniovertebral junction (CVJ) surgeries. This study was conducted to evaluate the morphology and morphometry of OC and its relationship to foramen magnum, jugular foramen (JF), and hypoglossal canal (HC). Morphometric parameters including length, width, height, and distances from the OC to surrounding structures were measured. The oval-like condyle was the most common OC shape, representing for 33.0% of all samples. The mean length, width and height of OC were 21.3±2.4, 10.5±1.4, and 7.4±1.1 mm, respectively. Moreover, OC was classified into three types based on its length. The most common OC length in both sexes was moderate length or type II (62.5%). The mean distance between anterior tips and posterior tips of OC to basion, and opisthion were 11.5±1.4, 39.1±3.3, 25.2±2.2, and 27.4±2.7 mm, respectively. The location of intracranial orifice of HC was commonly found related to middle 1/3 of OC in 45.0%. JF was related to the anterior 2/3 of OC in 81.0%, the anterior 1/3 of OC in 12.5%, and the entire OC length in 6.5%. These morphological analysis and morphometric data should be taken into consideration before performing surgical operation to avoid CVJ instability and neurovascular structure injury.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.535-544
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• 2005

The management of mandibular condyle fractures continues to be a subject of much debate. It is suggested that, if not properly managed, these fractures may give rise to serious problems, such as malocclusion, mouth opening limitation, temporomandibular joint disorders. Treatment planing of mandibular condyle fractures is very important. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the long-term results according to treatment methods in condylar fractures. Also, it was to evaluate results of treatment according to condylar fracture level. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 43 mandibular condyle fractures. 43 patients followed for average period of 9.00 years(mini. 7yr, max. 12yr). All patients underwent a clinical and radiologic evaluation focusing on mouth opening, mandibular movements, TMJ function, change of ramal height, condylar remodelling. If the level of fracture was positioned in high, especially in level II, mandibular movement disability and ramus length loss was more prominent. This results were similar to the cases of treatment of fragment removal. In high level fracture and fragment removal cases, It is thought that more intensive and long term management are needed than other treatment cases using different operation methods. Also, direct fixation by each approach showed good results in mandibular movement, ramal height change and condylar shape. Through this results, accurate reduction of the mandibular condyle fractures was a very important factor in postoperative prognosis.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제38권
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• pp.24.1-24.7
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• 2016

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the structural changes of temporomandibular joint immediately after condylar fractures with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Method: We evaluated 34 subjects of condylar fractures with MRI. The position, shape, and signal intensity of the condyle, disc, and retrodiscal tissue were analyzed with MR images. Results: Immediately after trauma, the disc was displaced with the fractured segment in almost all cases. And, the changes of signal intensity at the retrodiscal tissue were found but less related to the degree of fracture displacement. And, the high signals were observed almost at all fractured joint spaces and even at some contralateral joints. Conclusions: The displaced disc as well as the increased signal intensity of the joint space, condylar head, and retrodiscal tissue demands more attention to prevent the possible sequela of joint.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.156-160
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• 2022

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is a condition in which condylar movement is restricted because of fibrous or bony union between the mandibular condyle and temporal bone. TMJ ankylosis is most often caused by trauma, followed by systemic or local infection, and secondary to unknown causes. Diagnostic imaging plays a vital role in diagnosing TMJ ankylosis and establishing a treatment plan. Computed tomography (CT) or cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is currently the imaging technique of choice to accurately demonstrate preoperative ankylosing masses and other surgically important findings, such as the shape of the mandibular condyle and the pathological changes in the joint. The osseous changes in the mandibular condyle are easily identified in the coronal and sagittal sections of CT or CBCT images. This report describes the case of a middle-aged woman who developed TMJ ankylosis of the left TMJ while undergoing repeated treatment for TMJ disease. We report the findings observed on radiographic and CBCT images through continuous observation.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.345-372
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• 1992

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of changes of mandibular position on temporomandibular joint in internal derangement patients Twenty-four female New Zealand White Rabbits, weighing over 3.5kg, were utilized in this study . Bilateral temporomandibular joint surgery was performed in twenty-one of the rabbits to displace disc anteriorly through incising the retrodiscal tissue 1-2mm posterior to the disc, thus inducing internal derangement. They were divided into three groups nine were left untreated after surgery, six were fitted with functional protrusive appliances 4 weeks after surgery, and six wore collar appliances to apply 4 ounces of mandibular refractive force per side 4 weeks after surgery. The remaining three served as the control group. Histologic examinations were performed after sacrificing them by threes at 4-week intervals. The results were as follows. 1. Histologic findings similar to internal derangement were observed in the rabbits whose retrodiscal tissues had been incised. 2. In the rabbits untreated after surgery, articular surface on condylar process and articular eminence showed severe erosion and deformation, and displaced disc manifested changes in both shape and internal architecture. 3. Functional protrusion after surgery resulted in progressive remodeling on postero-superior portion of condyle and glenoid fossa, while it also brought about erosion on articular eminence and anterior portion of condyle. 4. Mandibular retraction after surgery resulted in compression of retrodiscal tissue and regressive remodeling of posterior portion of condyle.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.44.1-44.10
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• 2022

Background: The equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has a complex anatomical structure that makes diagnosis of TMJ disorders difficult. Computed tomography (CT) is now available in equine medicine; hence, TMJ evaluation has become more convenient. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to describe the CT features of the TMJ in Jeju horses and to compare these features with those of Thoroughbreds. Methods: In this report, the TMJs of 10 Jeju horses (mean age: 4.5 ± 1.9 yr; mean body weight: 282.6 ± 40.3 kg) and 6 Thoroughbreds (mean age: 7.3 ± 1.6 yr; mean body weight: 479.7 ± 44.0 kg) were examined using CT. After CT scanning, the Hounsfield units (HU) and height to width ratio (H:W) of the mandibular condyle were measured. Results: The mean H:W in Jeju horses was significantly lower than that in Thoroughbreds. The mean HU in Jeju horses was lower than that in Thoroughbreds; however, the difference was not significant. The most frequent CT finding was an irregular medial margin of the mandibular condyle in both breeds. Conclusions: In this study, the shape of the mandibular condyle in Jeju horses was flatter than that in Thoroughbreds. This report could be useful in evaluating the TMJ in Jeju horses. Moreover, CT could be a pragmatic choice for the examination of the TMJ in horses.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.331-348
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the shape and ultrastructure of the articular disc of the rat mandibular joint with aging. Mechanical stress applied to the articular disc changes during neonatal, suckling, juvenile, adult and senile stages. Mandibular joints of 6 groups of rats(1-, 7-, 17-, 27-, 55-day and over-1-year groups) were removed en bloc and processed for light and electro microscopic study. The changes in the shape of articular disc were examined by light microscope in each group. Structural and ultrastructural changes in the articular disc were examined by light and electron microscope in each group. The results were as follows : In the 1-day and 7-day groups, the articular disc was long and slender in shape and the articular disc was not fitted with the shape of the mandibular fossa and condyle. However' after that time, the anterior and posterior portions of the articular disc were more bulged and the middle portion was shorter and biconcave. Thus the articular disc was well fitted with the shape of the mandibular fossa and condyle. The cell density decreased with aging. In the l -day and 7-day groups, the Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosome, which are involved in the synthesis of intracellular and extracellular matrix, were developed. In the 17-day, 27-day and 55-day groups, not only the cell organelles involved in the synthesis of the intracellular and extracellular matrix but also the cell organelles involved in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix(i.e., finger-like cell process, lysosome and mitochondria)were well developed. With advancing age, intracytoplasmic microfilaments were more accumulated and condroid cells increased. In the over-1-year group, the majority of cells of the articular disc were chondroid cells. The majority of cytoplasmic compartment were filled with intracytoplasmic microfilaments and cell organelles were not developed. Therefore, metabolic activities of the cell was markedly reduced and cells contained structures enduring mechanical stress, and cells which were in the process of degeneration were observed occasionally.

• 대한관절경학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.201-205
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• 2003

목적 : 외측 관절낭 징후나 퇴행성 변화로 발생하는 것과 다른 경골 외과의 골극과 유사한 병변이 관찰되는 환자에서 만성 전방 십자 인대 파열이 있음을 발견하여 병변의 특징과 함께 만성 전방 십자 인대 파열과의 연관성에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 단순 방사선 전후면 사진상에서 발견된 경골 외과의 골극 유사 병변을 보인 5례를 대상으로 그 병변의 위치, 모양 및 크기에 대해 단순 방사선 전후면 사진과 자기 공명 영상 횡단면 사진을 이용하여 알아보고, 수상 후 내원 당시까지의 기간, 손상 원인, 및 동반 손상에 대해서 조사하였다. 전례가 남자였고, 평균 연령은 33.8 $(17\~46)$세 였다. 결과 : 골극의 위치는 경골 외과 관절면에서 평균 3.8$(2\~5)$ mm 하방에서 비골두의 첨부 상방이나 첨부 경계면 까지 위치하고, Gerdy's tubecle의 직후방에서 외측 또는 외하방 쪽으로 돌출되어 있었다. 둥글거나 예리한 끝을 가진 삼각형 형태로 평균 길이가 6$(4\~8)$ mm, 경골 외과와 연결된 기저부 너비가 평균 9.2$(5\~16)$ mm였다. 전례에서 만성 전방 십자 인대 파열을 보였으며, 손상 원인은 스포츠 손상이 4례, 교통 사고 1례였다. 수상 후 내원 당시까지의 기간은 평균 10.7(8개월$\~$23년)년이였으며, 동반 손상으로 내측 반월상연골 파열이 전례에 있었고, 외측은 3례이었다. 결론 : 단순 방사선 전후면 사진상 경골 외과의 골극 유사 병변은 외상의 병력이 있으나 수술 받은 과거력이 없는 경우 만성 전방 십자 인대 파열을 의심해야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 치과방사선
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.117-125
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the detectability of various radiographic techniques for mandibular condylar lesions. Erosive lesion, osteophyte and flattening were formed on the artificial mandibular condyle, and panoramic, transcranial, transorbital radiography, lateral and frontal tomography were taken. The results were as follows; 1. The detectability for erosive lesions was superior in the order of frontal tomography(96％), lateral tomography(78％), transorbital(59％), transcranial(16％) and panoramic(48％) radiography. 2. The location of erosive lesion that showed the highest detectability was the medial third in panoramic, the lateral third in transcranial, the central portion of anteroposterior direction in transorbital, the central portion of mediolateral direction and the posterior third in lateral tomography. Frontal tomography disclosed all erosive lesions except one anterolateral lesion. 3. The detectability of osteophyte was 100％ in lateral tomography, 78％ in transcranial and 56％ in panoramic radiography. 4. For flattening, lateral tomography showed the flattened condyle, but both panoramic and transcranial views showed only decreased bone density without the change of condylar shape.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.69-79
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• 2007

하악과두 흡수(condylar resorption)는 하악과두 용해라고도 하며 과두형태변화와 크기 감소가 점진적으로 또는 갑작스럽게 일어나는 것으로 정의할 수 있다. 원인은 잘 알려져 있지 않지만 류머티스 관절염, 전신성 홍반성 낭창, 스테로이드 복용(usage), 교정치료, 악교정 수술후 일어나는 과두흡수(secondary condylar resorption)와 특별한 원인 없이 일어나는 특발성 과두흡수(primary condylar resortion)로 나눌 수 있다. 이러한 하악과두 흡수가 발생하는 경우에는 골소실로 인해 이환측 과두에서 후방 지지의 갑작스런 상실이 초래된다. 이로인해 하악이 변위될수 있으며 교합변화, 개방교합과 같은 교합변화와 하악의 후퇴가 나타날 수 있다. 이에 저자는 하악과두 흡수가 일어난 증례를 보고하며 과두흡수와 관련된 인자, 병리기전, 환자관리에 대해 고찰하고자 한다.