• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2000.04b
• /
• pp.276-281
• /
• 2000

A simulation program using the mass transfer correlation was constructed to analyze 1-D simplified condensing flow across the tube bank. Higher efficiency was anticipated by reducing the flue gas temperature down below the dew point where the water vapor in the flue gas is condensed at the surface of the heat exchanger; that is, the heat transfer by the latent heat is added to that by the sensible heat. Thus, there can be an optimum operating condition to maximize the heat recovery from the flue gas. The temperature rises of the flue gas and the cooling water between the inlet and the outlet of the tube bank were compared with the experimental data reported previously. The predicted results agree well with the experimental data. Using this simulation program, the parametric studies have been conducted fur various operating conditions, such as the velocities and temperatures of the vapor/gas mixture and the cooling water, the number of the rows, and the conductivity of the wall material.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.30-36
• /
• 2009

Recently, there has been growing interest in the oxyfuel combustion cycle since it enables high-purity $CO_2 capture with high$ efficiency. However, the oxyfuel combustion cycle has some important issues regarding to its performance such as the requirement of water recirculation to decrease a turbine inlet temperature and proper combustion to enhance cycle efficiency. Also, Some of water vapour remain not condensed at condenser outlet because cycle working fluid contains non-condensable gas, i.e., $CO_2$. The purpose of the present study is to analyze performance characteristics of the oxyfuel combustion cycle with different turbine inlet temperatures, combustion pressures and condenser pressure. It is expected that increasing the turbine inlet temperature improves cycle efficiency, on the other hand, the combustion pressure has specific value to display highest cycle efficiency. And increasing condensing pressure improves water vapour condensing rate.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2003

This study was carried out to determine the mechanical and physical properties of particle boards glued with condensed tannin (Wattle Tannin) powder that was single-molecule phenolic compounds like powdered phenolic resin. Our findings are; 1) It is necessary to spray water on the chip surfaces for effective application of powdered -form tannin resin. It shows that the best and optimum mat moisture increase is 14% of water spray on the surface of chips for developing PB properties. 2) In general, for both liquid and powdered tannin adhesives, their physical and mechanical properties has been proportional to the increase of resin level. But, the most efficient addition ratio is 16% of resin on dry basis. Specially, it is found that the resin level influences on the amount of free formaldehyde emission. The higher the resin level is, the lower the emission is. These phenomena seem to result from the increase of hexamine or formaline in the adhesives used as a hardener, that reduce the free-formaldehyde amount by reaction of tannin of poly-molecule and water. 3) The optimum condition for manufacturing PBs is the condition of hexamine of 5% and formaline of 6% in mechanical and physical properties. Hexamine is superior to formaline in mechanical and physical properties along with the control of the free formaldehyde emission amount. The result of NaOH's addition is insignificant in all experiments of both mechanical and physical properties.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.606-611
• /
• 2006

The chemical composition of Smilax china leaves and the quality characteristics of seolgitteok (rice cake) prepared with a water extract of these leaves were evaluated. Sucrose, glucose, maltose, and fructose were found as free sugars in the leaves, while the main fatty acids were stearic and palmitic acids. Glutamic acid and potassium were found at the highest levels among the analyzed amino acids and minerals in the leaves, respectively. On a fresh weight basis, the content of total phenolics and condensed tannin was 1.26 and 0.74%, respectively. As the amount of S. china leaf extract increased, the lightness of seolgitteok significantly decreased (p<0.001) in the rice cake, while redness and yellowness of the cake increased. Texture evaluation showed that springiness, strength, and cohesiveness were higher in rice cakes prepared with 2% S. china leaf extract compared to rice cakes made with 1% extract. At the beginning of the storage period ($20^{\circ}C$), there were no significant differences in viable aerobic cell and mold counts among rice cakes, but after four days in storage, a significant reduction in microorganisms was observed in rice cakes prepared with increasing amounts of leaf extract. On sensory evaluation, rice cakes made with 1% water extract from S. china leaves scored the highest on flavor, taste, texture, and overall acceptability.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.97-104
• /
• 1988

Condensed phosphates have been used in various meat products to enhance the water holding capacity, to improve texture and to prevent the development of off flavors and off odors. This study was intended to observe the effects of poly - and pyrophosphate on the growth of sanitary indicative bacteria and food poisoning bacteria. The bacteriostatic effect of poly - and pyrophosphates against Gram positive bacteria was much stronger than that of against Gram negative organisms. The effective inhibitory concentration of sodium polyphosphate on the growth of bacteria was varied by species such as $0.3\%$ to Staphylococcus aureus, $0.9\%$ to Salmonella, and more than $1.0\%$ to Escherichia coli in nutrient broth. When Staphylococcus aureus suspension was treated with $0.5\%$ sodium polyphosphate at $35^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour, the release of UV-absorbing substances from the organism was confirmed. However no significant effect was observed in Escherichia coli under the similar condition. When alaska pollack fillets were dipped in $ 3.5\%$ sodium polyphospahate at $2^{\circ}C$ for 1 min. prior to freezing, the viable cell count and coliform MPN's of the frozen product were decreased with the range of 30 to $50\%$ in comparison with those of control.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.34-43
• /
• 2010

The fate of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in ground water is highly affected by the distribution and property of the carbonaceous materials (CMs) in subsurface sediments. CMs in soils consist of organic matters (e.g., cellulose, fulvic acid, humic acid, humin, etc.) and black carbon such as char, soot, etc. The distribution and property of CMs are governed by source materials and geological evolution (e.g., diagenesis, catagenesis, etc.) of them. In this study, the distribution and property of CMs in subsurface sediments near the Imjin river in the Republic of Korea and HOC sorption property to the subsurface sediments were investigated. The organic carbon contents of sand and clay/silt layers were about 0.35% and 1.37%, respectively. The carbon contents of condensed form of CMs were about 0.13% and 0.45%, respectively. The existence of black carbon was observed using scanning electron microscopes with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The specific surface areas (SSA) of CMs in heavy fraction(HFrCM) measured with N2 were $35-46m^2/g$. However, SSAs of those HFrCM mineral fraction was only $1.6-4.3m^2/g$. The results of thermogravimetric analysis show that the mass loss of HFrCM was significant at $50-200^{\circ}C$ and $350-600^{\circ}C$ due to the degradation of soft form and condensed form of CMs, respectively. The trichloroethylene (TCE) sorption capacities of sand and clay/silt layers were similar to each other, and these values were also similar to oxidzed layer of glacially deposited subsurface sediments of the Chanute Air Force Base (AFB) in Rantoul, Illinois. However, these were 7-8 times lower than TCE sorption capacity of reduced layer of the Chanute AFB sediments. For accurate prediction of the fate of hydrophobic organic contaminants in subsurface sediments, continuous studies on the development of characterization methods for CMs are required.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.436-445
• /
• 1986

As the second part of the studies on the utilization of polyunsaturated lipids in sardine oil as nutritional or medical supplement, the conditions of lipid extration and concentration, refining, and storage stability of EPA-condensed sardine oil were investigated. In extraction of lipids, solvent ratios of chloroform-methanol mixture(2:1 v/v) affected the final content of unsaturated lipid in extracted oil and recovery. Stepwise solvent fractionation method at various low temperatures was effective to concentrate polyenoic acids like EPA and DHA when acetone or acetone-methanol mixture, added in the ratio of 1:5 (v/v) was applied step by step to different temperatures at 0 to $-35^{\circ}C$. Addition of 1 to $5\%$ (v/v) of water to acetone was also benefit to raise EPA content but that resulted in reducing the yield of condensed oil from $65\%\;to\;28\%$. Concentration rate of polyenoic acids by solvent fractionation in lipid-actone solution (1:5, v/v) at 0 to $-30^{\circ}C$ seemed limited to $5{\sim}8\%$ in fatty acid composition depending on the initial content of those polyenoic acids in the sardine oil. During the extraction, concentration, and alkaline treatment, oxidation was rapidly induced but oxidation products could be thoroughly removed on the process of deceleration and peroxide elimination. To stabilize the reactive polyenoic acid condensed oil during the storage, stuffing nitrogen gas was essential to expel dissolved oxygen in oil or to seal the oil from open air, and the addition of antioxidative agents as BHA and tocopherols were greatly helpful to extend the storage life.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2012.08a
• /
• pp.224-224
• /
• 2012

For decades, carbon fiber has expanded their application fields from reinforced composites to energy storage and transfer technologies such as electrodes for super-capacitors and lithium ion batteries and gas diffusion layers for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Especially in fuel cell, water repellency of gas diffusion layer has become very important property for preventing flooding which is induced by condensed water could damage the fuel cell performance. In this work, we fabricated superhydrophobic network of carbon fiber with high aspect ratio hair-like nanostructure by preferential oxygen plasma etching. Superhydrophobic carbon fiber surfaces were achieved by hydrophobic material coating with a siloxane-based hydrocarbon film, which increased the water contact angle from $147^{\circ}$ to $163^{\circ}$ and decreased the contact angle hysteresis from $71^{\circ}$ to below $5^{\circ}$, sufficient to cause droplet roll-off from the surface in millimeter scale water droplet deposition test. Also, we have explored that the condensation behavior (nucleation and growth) of water droplet on the superhydrophobic carbon fiber were significantly retarded due to the high-aspect-ratio nanostructures under super-saturated vapor conditions. It is implied that superhydrophobic carbon fiber can provide a passage for vapor or gas flow in wet environments such as a gas diffusion layer requiring the effective water removal in the operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Moreover, such nanostructuring of carbon-based materials can be extended to carbon fiber, carbon black or carbon films for applications as a cathode in lithium batteries or carbon fiber composites.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.463-472
• /
• 1996

Experiments were carried out to study the operation characteristics of a regenerator with a thermo-syphon pump and a surface-flame burner for a lithium bromide (LiBr)-water absorption heat pump. A cylindrical-shape metal-fiber burner and commercial grade propane were used. The emission of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide was measured by a combustion gas analyzer. Ther regeneration rate of water vapor as a refrigerant was measured. It could be as a reference value showing the performance of the regenerator. The circulation rate of the LiBr-water solution was also measured from both the tanks for the weak-and the strong-solution. Using a refractometer, the LiBr concetration in the solution was calculated from the measured refractory index of the solution. Temperature of the solution and the condensed water was recorded at several points in the experimental apparatus with thermocouples, using a personal computer. This data collecting system for measuring temperature was calibrated with a set of standard thermometers. The generating rate of water vapor as refrigerant increased linearly with heat supplied. It was about 4.0g/s with the heat supplied at a rate of 16,500kcal/h. The circulation rate of LiBr solution also increases with the heat supplied. The difference in LiBr concentrations between the weak and the strong solution was in the range of 1 to 5% when the concentration of the strong solution was about 60%. It was dependent upon both the heat supplied and the circulation rate of the solution. The initial concentration and the level of the LiBr solution in the regenerator were measured and recorded before experiments. The effect of them on the generating rate of water vapor and the circulation rate of the solution was also studied. The generating rate of water vapor was not strongly dependent upon both the level of the LiBr solution and the initial LiBr concentration. However, the concentration difference of the solution increases with the initial level of the LiBr solution.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.803-811
• /
• 2009

The chemical composition and water extractable dry matter (DM) of foliages from Erythrina (Erythrina variegata), Fig (Ficus racemosa), Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill), Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) and Mango (Mangifera indica) and the feed intake, digestibility and N retention when feeding these foliages were studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, 12 male goats, 3.5 months old and weighing 14.6 kg, were randomly allocated to a diet consisting of one of the foliages in a change-over design with three periods. The foliages were offered ad libitum at the level of 130% of the average daily feed intake. The Erythrina foliage had a low content of DM and condensed tannins (CT) and a high concentration of crude protein (CP) in leaves plus petioles (193 g/kg DM) and stem, while the Mango foliage had a low CP (69 g/kg DM) and high DM content. The other foliages were intermediate. High content of CT was found in the leaves plus petioles of Jackfruit foliage and in the stem of Fig and Mango foliage. There was a difference in feed intake, nutrient intake, apparent digestibility and N retention between the foliages, with Erythrina, Jackfruit and Kapok foliage being significantly higher in these parameters than Fig, Jujube and Mango foliage. The water extractable DM could be used to estimate N retention, but not DM digestibility in this study. In Experiment 2, 4 male goats weighing 13.4 kg and 6 months old were allocated to a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design. The treatments were: water spinach ad libitum and Fig, Jujube or Mango foliage ad libitum +0.5% of BW as water spinach DM. Feed intake, apparent digestibility and N retention were not significantly different among the foliage diets, but higher than for water spinach alone (p<0.05). Supplementation with water spinach to a diet consisting of low quality foliages such as Fig, Jujube and Mango, increased DM and CP intake, apparent digestibility and N retention, compared to feeding these foliages as sole feeds.